EVIDENCE RANKING
Overall Evidence Ranking
Grade Criteria
Grades summarize the evidence hierarchy from A to F. Within the same grade, higher scores appear first; verdicts without a score stay at the end of that grade.
A Grade A · 124 · The evidence is relatively strong.
| A | 97 | Mechanical thrombectomy (emergency endovascular procedure using a stent retriever or aspiration) | Reduced disability and dependence and increased functional independence at 90 days after acute ischemic stroke caused by anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion |
| A | 96 | Tamoxifen citrate (selective estrogen receptor modulator and prescription medicine) | Reduced recurrence and breast-cancer mortality after surgery for estrogen-receptor-positive early breast cancer |
| A | 96 | Trastuzumab (anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody; prescription biologic, Herceptin) | Reduced recurrence and mortality after surgery and chemotherapy for HER2-positive early breast cancer |
| A | 96 | Magnesium sulfate (inorganic magnesium salt anticonvulsant; prescription intravenous or intramuscular injection) | Prevention of eclamptic seizures in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia |
| A | 96 | Intravenous tranexamic acid (prescription antifibrinolytic hemostatic drug) | Reduced four-week all-cause and bleeding mortality when given early to adults with severe traumatic bleeding |
| A | 95 | Oral rehydration salts, a glucose-electrolyte solution | Correction of mild to moderate dehydration caused by diarrhea, vomiting, or heat |
| A | 94 | Dexamethasone (prescription corticosteroid) | Reduction of 28-day mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen or mechanical ventilation |
| A | 94 | Abiraterone acetate (a prescription CYP17 androgen-synthesis inhibitor; Zytiga) | Prolonged overall survival when combined with ADT and prednisolone in high-risk metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer |
| A | 94 | Spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and potassium-sparing diuretic, Aldactone, prescription drug) | Reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalization for worsening heart failure in severe symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 94 | Enalapril (oral prescription angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 94 | Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, antiplatelet drug available by prescription and over the counter) | Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death in patients with established myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke |
| A | 94 | Antenatal betamethasone (long-acting glucocorticoid given by prescription intramuscular injection) | Reduced neonatal and perinatal death and respiratory distress syndrome in imminent preterm birth at 24 to 34 weeks |
| A | 94 | Intensive lifestyle intervention (a nonpharmacologic diet, exercise, and behavioral program) | Prevention of type 2 diabetes in overweight adults with impaired glucose tolerance |
| A | 94 | Immediate kangaroo mother care (immediate KMC, neonatal care based on skin-to-skin contact and breast-milk feeding) | Reduced neonatal mortality in preterm or low-birth-weight infants |
| A | 94 | Guaiac fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT, repeated screening) | Reduced colorectal cancer mortality through repeated fecal occult blood screening in asymptomatic middle-aged and older adults |
| A | 93 | Radium-223 dichloride (bone-targeted alpha-emitting radiopharmaceutical; prescription injection, Xofigo) | Prolonged overall survival and delayed symptomatic skeletal events in castration-resistant prostate cancer with symptomatic bone metastases and no visceral metastases |
| A | 93 | Rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, MabThera, prescription anticancer infusion) | Prolonged overall survival when added to CHOP in older adults with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma |
| A | 93 | Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC, a one-time surgical procedure) | Reduced risk of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection in HIV-negative heterosexual men in high-prevalence settings |
| A | 93 | Deferred or delayed cord clamping in preterm birth (a delivery procedure) | Reduced neonatal death before hospital discharge among infants born preterm |
| A | 93 | Aspirin 160 to 300 mg, administered orally in acute care by clinicians | Reduced early death and recurrent stroke when started within 48 hours of acute ischemic stroke after intracranial hemorrhage has been excluded |
| A | 93 | Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy (oral triple or quadruple therapy) | Prevention of incident gastric cancer in asymptomatic infected people |
| A | 92 | Creatine (creatine monohydrate) | Strength and exercise performance |
| A | 92 | Oral iron for iron deficiency | Correction of iron-deficiency anemia and improvement of deficiency-related fatigue |
| A | 92 | Simvastatin (statin, Zocor, prescription medicine) | Reduced myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death in people at high cardiovascular risk |
| A | 92 | Fluoride toothpaste (nonprescription drug product) | Prevention of dental caries in primary and permanent teeth |
| A | 92 | Bisoprolol (a prescription beta-1-selective beta blocker marketed as Concor) | Reduced all-cause mortality, sudden death, and heart-failure hospitalization in stable symptomatic HFrEF |
| A | 92 | Enzalutamide (oral prescription anticancer androgen-receptor signaling inhibitor; Xtandi) | Prolong overall survival in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after docetaxel |
| A | 92 | Low-dose aspirin, 81 to 150 mg, an antiplatelet medicine available by prescription or without prescription depending on jurisdiction | Prevention of preterm preeclampsia when a high-risk pregnant patient takes it after 12 weeks of gestation under clinician direction |
| A | 92 | Long-acting injectable cabotegravir (cabotegravir LA, HIV integrase inhibitor, Apretude, prescription injection) | Reduced sexually acquired HIV-1 infection as pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-negative adults at high risk |
| A | 92 | Docetaxel (taxane cytotoxic anticancer drug; prescription injection) | Prolonged overall survival when added to ADT for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer |
| A | 92 | Low-dose chest computed tomography (LDCT imaging screening) | Reduced lung-cancer mortality through regular screening of high-risk smokers |
| A | 92 | Streptokinase (plasminogen-activating thrombolytic, prescription injection) | Reduced short-term and one-year mortality with early intravenous treatment of acute myocardial infarction |
| A | 92 | Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening (lower-colon endoscopic procedure) | Reduced distal colorectal cancer incidence and colorectal cancer mortality in asymptomatic middle-aged adults |
| A | 92 | Isoniazid (INH, an oral prescription antituberculosis drug) | Prevention of active tuberculosis in people with latent tuberculosis infection |
| A | 92 | Long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN, a pyrethroid-treated mosquito-barrier product) | Prevention of clinical malaria and all-cause mortality in children in malaria-endemic areas |
| A | 91 | Nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9-valent HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of vaccine-type persistent HPV infection and high-grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal precancer |
| A | 91 | Oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (RV1 Rotarix and RV5 RotaTeq, national immunization program) | Prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and hospitalization in infants |
| A | 91 | Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine (prescription vaccine) | Prevention of symptomatic hepatitis A in nonimmune children and high-risk adults |
| A | 91 | Tdap vaccine (non-live combination of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis antigens; prescription vaccine including Boostrix) | Prevention of pertussis and pertussis hospitalization in early infancy through vaccination at 27 to 36 weeks of pregnancy |
| A | 91 | Lenacapavir (HIV-1 capsid inhibitor, the active ingredient in Sunlenca, prescription injection) | Prevention of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection with twice-yearly injectable PrEP |
| A | 91 | Radical external-beam radiotherapy for prostate cancer (prescription procedure) | Reduced prostate-cancer and all-cause mortality when added to androgen-deprivation therapy in locally advanced or high-risk nonmetastatic prostate cancer |
| A | 90 | Plant sterols and stanols | Reduction in LDL cholesterol |
| A | 90 | Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT; nonprescription gum and patches) | Improved long-term smoking-cessation success |
| A | 90 | Warfarin (prescription vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant; Coumadin) | Prevention of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| A | 90 | Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a prescription HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis sold as Truvada | Prevention of HIV acquisition with adherent pre-exposure prophylaxis |
| A | 90 | Updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 family, professionally administered vaccine) | Prevention of COVID-19 hospitalization, severe disease, and death in high-risk people |
| A | 90 | Semaglutide 2.4 mg (GLP-1 receptor agonist, Wegovy, prescription injection) | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke in adults with overweight or obesity, cardiovascular disease, and no diabetes |
| A | 90 | Carotid endarterectomy (standard vascular surgical procedure, non-drug intervention) | Prevention of ipsilateral stroke and stroke death after recent TIA or nondisabling stroke with 70% to 99% carotid stenosis |
| A | 90 | Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD, prescription cardiac electrical-therapy device and procedure) | Reduced all-cause mortality in patients at least 40 days after myocardial infarction with LVEF of 30% or less |
| A | 90 | Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP, standard retinal laser, prescribed procedure) | Prevention of severe visual loss and blindness in high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy |
| A | 90 | Focal or grid retinal laser photocoagulation (prescription ophthalmic procedure) | Prevention of moderate vision loss in clinically significant diabetic macular edema |
| A | 90 | Sorafenib (oral prescription multikinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR and RAF; Nexavar) | Prolonged overall survival as initial systemic therapy for unresectable advanced hepatocellular carcinoma |
| A | 90 | One-time abdominal aortic aneurysm ultrasound screening in men aged 65 to 74 years (imaging screening test) | Reduced abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture and related mortality in older men |
| A | 90 | Medical intermittent pneumatic compression (sequential compression medical device; prescribed inpatient procedure) | Prevention of proximal deep-vein thrombosis and death in immobile patients with acute stroke |
| A | 90 | High-risk human papillomavirus testing for cervical-cancer screening | Prevention of invasive cervical cancer compared with cytology |
| A | 90 | Levodopa–carbidopa, a prescription dopamine-precursor and peripheral decarboxylase-inhibitor combination | Improvement of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia in Parkinson disease |
| A | 89 | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg, national immunization vaccine) | Prevention of chronic hepatitis B infection and later cirrhosis and liver cancer after infant vaccination |
| A | 89 | Live attenuated varicella vaccine (SuduVax or VARIVAX, national immunization) | Prevention of varicella infection and moderate or severe varicella in children |
| A | 88 | Oat beta-glucan | Blood cholesterol improvement (LDL-C and total cholesterol) |
| A | 88 | Caffeine | Alertness and exercise performance |
| A | 88 | Melatonin | Prevention of jet lag and adaptation to destination time |
| A | 88 | Varenicline (partial agonist at the alpha4beta2 nicotinic receptor; Champix and Chantix; prescription) | Increased long-term smoking cessation for at least six months when combined with behavioral support |
| A | 88 | Zoledronic acid (intravenous bisphosphonate, Aclasta, prescription) | Prevention of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis |
| A | 88 | Atorvastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, Lipitor, prescription medicine) | Additional reduction of major cardiovascular events with high-intensity dosing in established coronary disease |
| A | 88 | Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine; live vaccine in the national immunization program) | Prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella infections in children |
| A | 88 | Ranibizumab (anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody, intravitreal injection, prescription medicine) | Improved vision and reduced vision loss in center-involved diabetic macular edema |
| A | 88 | Estradiol (prescription estrogen hormone-replacement therapy; Progynova) | Reduction of moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes and vasomotor symptoms |
| A | 88 | Hydrocortisone (physiologic glucocorticoid hormone and prescription medicine) | Correction of cortisol-deficiency fatigue and weakness and prevention of adrenal crisis in confirmed primary adrenal insufficiency |
| A | 88 | Canagliflozin (a prescription SGLT2 inhibitor; Invokana) | Reduced end-stage kidney disease, doubling of creatinine, and kidney or cardiovascular death in albuminuric type 2 diabetic chronic kidney disease |
| A | 88 | Pravastatin (prescription HMG-CoA reductase-inhibiting statin; Mevalotin) | Primary prevention of coronary heart disease death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in adults with hypercholesterolemia and no prior myocardial infarction |
| A | 88 | School and childcare hand-washing promotion program (public-health program combining soap provision and hygiene education) | Prevention of diarrhoea episodes in children |
| A | 88 | Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (an exercise-and-education healthcare delivery program) | Reduced recurrent myocardial infarction and hospitalisation in people with coronary heart disease |
| A | 88 | Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT, an implantable biventricular pacing device) | Reduced mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in eligible patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 88 | Tocilizumab, an intravenous interleukin-6 receptor-blocking antibody | Reduction in 28-day mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, hypoxia, and systemic inflammation |
| A | 88 | Tamoxifen 20 mg daily for five years as prevention | Reduced breast-cancer incidence in high-risk women without breast cancer |
| A | 86 | Seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (national immunization program) | Prevention of symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza |
| A | 86 | Risedronate sodium (oral bisphosphonate, Actonel, prescription drug) | Prevention of vertebral and hip fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis |
| A | 86 | Letrozole (aromatase inhibitor, Femara, prescription medicine; off-label for infertility) | Increased ovulation and live birth in women with anovulatory PCOS infertility |
| A | 86 | Alteplase (intravenous thrombolytic tPA, Actilyse, prescription medicine) | Reduced 90-day disability and dependence in eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke |
| A | 86 | Levothyroxine sodium (synthetic T4 thyroid hormone; prescription drug, Synthroid) | Normalization of thyroid-stimulating hormone and free T4 with improvement of deficiency-related fatigue and cold intolerance in overt primary hypothyroidism |
| A | 86 | Metformin (prescription biguanide oral glucose-lowering medicine) | Reduction of glycemia (HbA1c and fasting glucose) in type 2 diabetes, especially in newly diagnosed overweight patients, including evidence that intensive treatment reduced mortality and myocardial infarction in that population |
| A | 86 | Osimertinib (third-generation EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Tagrisso, prescription targeted anticancer drug) | Prolonged overall survival with adjuvant therapy after complete resection of stage IB to IIIA EGFR-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer |
| A | 86 | Elbasvir/grazoprevir (fixed-dose direct-acting antiviral combination, Zepatier, prescription medicine) | Virologic cure at 12 weeks after treatment for chronic hepatitis C genotypes 1 and 4 |
| A | 86 | Poractant alfa (porcine-lung-derived pulmonary surfactant, Curosurf, prescription intratracheal suspension) | Reduction of neonatal mortality and pneumothorax in preterm respiratory distress syndrome |
| A | 86 | Intensive blood-pressure control (strategy targeting systolic pressure below 120 mmHg) | Reduction of major cardiovascular events and death in high-risk hypertension |
| A | 86 | Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI or primary coronary angioplasty) | Reduction of death, reinfarction, and disabling stroke versus fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
| A | 86 | Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance (therapeutic balance-exercise program) | Reduction of falls in community-dwelling older adults at high risk |
| A | 86 | Early infant peanut introduction (regular dietary peanut protein begun in infancy) | Prevention of peanut allergy in infants |
| A | 86 | Otago Exercise Programme (individually prescribed home balance, strength, and walking exercise) | Reduction of actual falls among community-dwelling older adults |
| A | 86 | Pit-and-fissure sealant for permanent teeth in children | Prevention of occlusal caries in permanent teeth |
| A | 86 | Hepatitis B vaccine (recombinant or plasma-derived HBsAg vaccine) | Prevention of clinical and subclinical hepatitis B virus infection |
| A | 86 | As-needed inhaled budesonide-formoterol, 200 micrograms/6 micrograms per actuation | Prevention of exacerbations and severe exacerbations in mild asthma |
| A | 86 | Early endovenous ablation added to compression, using thermal or nonthermal closure of superficial venous reflux | Faster complete healing of venous leg ulcers |
| A | 86 | Infant Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine | Prevention of invasive Hib disease in infants |
| A | 86 | An additional 40 minutes outdoors on school days | Reduced first onset of myopia in children without baseline myopia |
| A | 86 | Percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure | Reduction of recurrent stroke after a carefully evaluated cryptogenic ischemic stroke |
| A | 86 | Inactivated influenza vaccination during pregnancy | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in infants through six months |
| A | 85 | Empagliflozin (Jardiance, an SGLT2 inhibitor) | Glycemic control in type 2 diabetes and reduction of cardiovascular and kidney events |
| A | 85 | Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor, Losec, prescription and nonprescription medicine) | Mucosal healing and heartburn resolution in erosive reflux esophagitis |
| A | 85 | Whole-body therapeutic hypothermia (a neonatal intensive-care procedure) | Prevention of death or severe neurodevelopmental disability in neonates with moderate or severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy |
| A | 84 | Psyllium husk (psyllium husk; dietary fiber from Plantago ovata/Plantago spp. seed husk) | Smooth bowel movements and improvement of blood cholesterol |
| A | 84 | Semaglutide (GLP-1 receptor agonist; Ozempic and Rybelsus) | Lower HbA1c in type 2 diabetes and reduce major cardiovascular events in high-risk patients |
| A | 84 | Insulin glargine (a prescription long-acting basal insulin analog biologic, marketed as Lantus) | Basal glucose and HbA1c control with mealtime insulin in type 1 diabetes |
| A | 84 | Sumatriptan (a prescription 5-HT1B/1D triptan; Imigran or Sumitran) | Two-hour pain freedom and relief of nausea and photophobia during acute migraine attacks in adults |
| A | 84 | Amlodipine (prescription long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker; Norvasc) | Sustained blood-pressure reduction and cardiovascular-risk reduction in adults with hypertension |
| A | 84 | Propranolol (nonselective beta blocker; prescription drug) | Prevention of a first variceal bleed in cirrhosis with large esophageal varices |
| A | 84 | Dapagliflozin, a prescription sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor marketed as Farxiga | Reduced risk of sustained 50% eGFR decline, end-stage kidney disease, and kidney or cardiovascular death in albuminuric chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes |
| A | 84 | Goserelin acetate (subcutaneous depot prescription gonadotropin-releasing-hormone agonist; Zoladex) | Improved overall survival and prostate-cancer mortality when used as long-term adjuvant therapy with radiotherapy for locally advanced high-risk prostate cancer |
| A | 84 | Reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute | Reduced stroke and major cardiovascular events |
| A | 84 | Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR; transfemoral catheter-based bioprosthetic valve procedure) | Reduction of death, stroke, and rehospitalization in severe symptomatic aortic stenosis |
| A | 84 | Mediterranean dietary pattern emphasizing extra-virgin olive oil, nuts, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fish | Reduced myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in high-risk adults |
| A | 84 | Mesh-reinforced groin hernia repair | Reduced inguinal or femoral hernia recurrence versus non-mesh tissue repair |
| A | 83 | Bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (including Euvichol, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of clinical cholera in residents of and travelers to cholera-affected areas |
| A | 82 | St. John's wort (St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum) | depression |
| A | 82 | Finasteride 5 mg (prescription 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, Proscar) | Reduced benign prostatic hyperplasia progression, acute urinary retention, and surgery risk |
| A | 82 | Clopidogrel (prescription P2Y12 antiplatelet agent) | Reduced recurrence of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and vascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease |
| A | 82 | Losartan potassium (angiotensin II receptor blocker, prescription drug; Cozaar) | Reduced risk of end-stage kidney disease and worsening renal function in type 2 diabetic nephropathy with proteinuria |
| A | 82 | Lithium carbonate (classic mood stabilizer; prescription drug) | Prevention of recurrent manic and depressive mood episodes in stabilized bipolar I disorder |
| A | 82 | Cefuroxime sodium 1 mg/0.1 mL intracamerally (second-generation cephalosporin; approval status varies by country) | Prevention of postoperative endophthalmitis when injected into the anterior chamber at the end of cataract surgery |
| A | 82 | Prednisolone (oral prescription corticosteroid; Solondo) | Increased complete facial-function recovery at three and nine months in adults with Bell palsy treated within 72 hours |
| A | 82 | Single-dose oral dexamethasone (prescription systemic corticosteroid) | Reduced return visits and persistent symptoms in mild pediatric croup |
| A | 81 | Dutasteride (type 1 and type 2 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, prescription medicine, Avodart) | Improved urinary symptoms and reduced acute urinary retention and surgery in benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| A | 80 | Desogestrel/ethinyl estradiol (prescription combined oral contraceptive; Mercilon) | Prevention of pregnancy through ovulation suppression when taken correctly |
| A | 80 | Multilayer compression bandaging for venous leg ulcers | Faster complete healing of venous leg ulcers |
B Grade B · 641 · Human evidence exists, but important limits remain.
| B | 79 | Loperamide, an antidiarrheal drug | Reduced duration and stool frequency in adults with acute non-bloody diarrhea |
| B | 79 | Denosumab (RANKL inhibitor, Prolia, prescription medicine) | Reduction of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis |
| B | 79 | Sildenafil (PDE5 inhibitor, Viagra, prescription) | Improved erectile function and intercourse success in men with erectile dysfunction |
| B | 79 | Tirzepatide (dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist; Mounjaro and Zepbound; prescription) | Long-term weight loss in adults with obesity or overweight |
| B | 79 | Alendronate (bisphosphonate; Fosamax; prescription) | Prevention of vertebral, hip, and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis with a prior fragility fracture |
| B | 79 | Nirsevimab (Beyfortus; prescription long-acting RSV monoclonal antibody) | Prevention of RSV hospitalization during an infant's first RSV season |
| B | 79 | Recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix, prescription) | Prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in adults aged 50 years or older |
| B | 79 | Apixaban (prescription factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant, Eliquis) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 79 | Latanoprost (Xalatan, prescription eye drops) | Slowing progression of visual-field loss in open-angle glaucoma |
| B | 79 | Topical diclofenac (Voltaren Emulgel, nonprescription medicine) | Reduced pain and improved function in knee osteoarthritis |
| B | 79 | Tirzepatide (dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist, Mounjaro or Zepbound, prescription) | Reduced body weight and waist circumference in adults with obesity |
| B | 79 | Arexvy RSV vaccine (prescription RSVPreF3 OA vaccine) | Prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract disease and severe disease in adults aged 60 years or older |
| B | 79 | Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (Mavyret, prescription direct-acting antiviral combination) | Virologic cure at SVR12 after eight weeks of treatment for chronic hepatitis C |
| B | 79 | Topical adapalene (topical retinoid, Differin, nonprescription or prescription) | Reduction of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions in mild-to-moderate acne |
| B | 79 | Aflibercept (prescription intravitreal anti-VEGF injection; Eylea) | Prevention of vision loss and improvement of vision in neovascular age-related macular degeneration |
| B | 79 | Tafamidis (TTR stabilizer, Vyndamax, prescription medicine) | Reduction in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy |
| B | 79 | Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (Epclusa; prescription direct-acting antiviral combination) | Sustained virologic response 12 weeks after treatment across all chronic hepatitis C genotypes |
| B | 79 | Semaglutide 2.4 mg, a prescription GLP-1 receptor agonist sold as Wegovy | Long-term weight loss and maintenance in adults with obesity |
| B | 79 | Epinephrine (an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist; prescription emergency medicine and autoinjector) | Rapid first-line reversal of respiratory distress, hypotension, and airway edema in anaphylaxis |
| B | 79 | Terbinafine (a prescription oral allylamine antifungal) | Mycological and clinical cure of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis |
| B | 79 | D-glucose or dextrose (rapid-acting monosaccharide; nonprescription medical product) | Correction of symptomatic nonsevere hypoglycemia within 15 minutes in a conscious person with diabetes |
| B | 79 | Mesalazine/mesalamine (prescription 5-aminosalicylic acid intestinal anti-inflammatory drug; Pentasa) | Induction and maintenance of clinical remission in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis |
| B | 79 | Vardenafil (a prescription PDE5 inhibitor marketed as Levitra) | Improved IIEF erectile function and penetration and intercourse success rates in men with erectile dysfunction |
| B | 79 | Recombinant glucagon (a hyperglycemic peptide-hormone emergency medicine supplied as a prescription injection, including GlucaGen HypoKit) | Emergency restoration of blood glucose in severe diabetic hypoglycemia when the person cannot swallow and requires help from another person |
| B | 79 | Methotrexate (folate-antagonist conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug and prescription medicine) | First-line disease control and inhibition of joint-damage progression in disease-modifying-antirheumatic-drug-naive moderate-to-high-activity rheumatoid arthritis |
| B | 79 | Intravenous N-acetylcysteine or acetylcysteine (prescription thiol antidote injection; Cysten) | Prevent or lessen hepatotoxicity and liver failure after acute acetaminophen overdose |
| B | 79 | Imatinib (BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor, Gleevec, prescription anticancer medicine) | Prevention of progression to accelerated phase or blast crisis in newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia |
| B | 79 | Nusinersen (antisense oligonucleotide that modifies SMN2 splicing, Spinraza, prescription intrathecal injection) | Improved motor-milestone attainment and event-free survival without death or permanent ventilation in spinal muscular atrophy |
| B | 79 | Caffeine citrate (methylxanthine respiratory stimulant, Cafnea, prescription injection or oral solution) | Reduction in death or neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 21 months when treating apnea of prematurity |
| B | 79 | Pegfilgrastim (long-acting G-CSF, Neulasta, prescription injection) | Primary prevention of febrile neutropenia and related hospitalization during myelosuppressive chemotherapy |
| B | 79 | Mohs micrographic surgery (prescription skin-cancer surgery with comprehensive mapped margin examination) | Prevention of long-term local recurrence in recurrent high-risk facial basal cell carcinoma |
| B | 79 | Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir (three-drug fixed-dose DAA combination, Vosevi, prescription medicine) | SVR12 virologic cure on retreatment of chronic hepatitis C after failure of an NS5A-containing DAA regimen |
| B | 79 | Magnesium sulfate (inorganic magnesium salt administered as an intravenous prescription injection) | Reduced childhood cerebral palsy and the composite of death or cerebral palsy when given before imminent birth before 32 weeks for fetal neuroprotection |
| B | 79 | Organised inpatient stroke-unit care (a multidisciplinary specialist-ward system for admitted patients) | Reduced death, dependency, and institutional care after acute stroke |
| B | 79 | Semaglutide 1.0 mg as a once-weekly prescription subcutaneous injection | Reduced kidney failure, major loss of kidney function, and kidney or cardiovascular death in chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes |
| B | 79 | Sotatercept-csrk (Winrevair, a prescription subcutaneous activin-signaling inhibitor biologic) | Reduced composite risk of death, lung transplantation, or hospitalization for worsening disease in high-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension despite maximally tolerated background therapy |
| B | 79 | Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection) | Prevention of paralytic poliomyelitis in children |
| B | 78 | Whey protein (WPI/WPC) | Muscle and dieting |
| B | 78 | Lactase enzyme | Prevention of bloating and diarrhea from lactose intolerance |
| B | 78 | Macrogol 4000 (polyethylene glycol 4000, PEG 4000) | Improvement in bowel-movement frequency and stool form in chronic functional constipation |
| B | 78 | Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) | Improvement of cholestasis and disease progression in primary biliary cholangitis |
| B | 78 | Tadalafil 5 mg once daily | Improvement of urinary symptoms and quality of life in BPH or LUTS |
| B | 78 | Evolocumab (PCSK9 monoclonal antibody; prescription Repatha) | Reduced recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke in statin-treated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| B | 78 | Romosozumab (sclerostin-inhibiting antibody, Evenity, prescription medicine) | Prevention of vertebral, hip, and clinical fractures in postmenopausal women at high fracture risk |
| B | 78 | Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor, Farxiga, prescription) | Reduced composite risk of worsening heart failure or hospitalization and cardiovascular death regardless of diabetes status |
| B | 78 | Dabigatran etexilate (direct thrombin-inhibitor DOAC, Pradaxa, prescription) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 78 | Mepolizumab (prescription anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody; Nucala) | Reduction of clinical exacerbations, hospitalization, and systemic-steroid use in severe eosinophilic asthma |
| B | 78 | Alirocumab (PCSK9-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, Praluent, prescription) | Reduction of recurrent major cardiovascular events after a recent acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 78 | Bimatoprost (a prescription prostamide ocular hypotensive; Lumigan) | Lowering of intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension |
| B | 78 | Isotretinoin (prescription oral retinoid) | Lesion remission in severe, scarring-risk, or standard-treatment-refractory acne |
| B | 78 | Metronidazole (prescription nitroimidazole antimicrobial; Flagyl) | Reduced discharge and odor and clinical cure of symptomatic bacterial vaginosis |
| B | 78 | Insulin degludec (prescription ultra-long-acting basal insulin biologic; Tresiba) | Reduction of symptomatic and severe hypoglycemia versus glargine U100 at similar glycemic control in high-risk type 1 diabetes |
| B | 78 | Human serum albumin 20% is a concentrated plasma-protein biologic manufactured from human plasma and administered intravenously by prescription. | The claim is that adding albumin to antibiotics in cirrhosis with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis reduces renal impairment and in-hospital mortality. |
| B | 78 | Vedolizumab (prescription biologic monoclonal antibody against alpha4beta7 integrin; Kynteles/Entyvio) | Induction of clinical response and maintenance of remission in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis with inadequate response to prior treatment |
| B | 78 | Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (prescription NS5A and NS5B direct-acting antiviral combination; Harvoni) | Sustained virologic response 12 weeks after a 12-week course in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 |
| B | 78 | Pioglitazone (thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer; prescription drug; Actos) | Prevention of recurrent stroke and myocardial infarction after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack in insulin-resistant adults without diabetes |
| B | 78 | Acyclovir or aciclovir (prescription oral guanosine-analogue antiviral) | Prevention of recurrent ocular HSV and stromal keratitis in adults with recent ocular herpes simplex disease |
| B | 78 | Fenofibrate (PPAR-alpha agonist, prescription drug; retinopathy use is off-label in many jurisdictions) | Reduced progression of diabetic retinopathy and need for first laser treatment in type 2 diabetes |
| B | 78 | Pembrolizumab (PD-1-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, Keytruda, prescription anticancer infusion) | Prevention of recurrence and distant metastasis in completely resected high-risk stage III melanoma |
| B | 78 | Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT, oxygen concentrator and nasal cannula for at least 15 hours per day) | Reduced mortality in patients with COPD and severe resting hypoxemia while clinically stable |
| B | 78 | Anterior temporal lobectomy (prescribed lesion-resection neurosurgery) | Sustained freedom from awareness-impairing and all seizures in drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy |
| B | 78 | Ivabradine (oral prescription sinoatrial If-channel inhibitor; Procoralan) | Reduced combined risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death in HFrEF with sinus rhythm and elevated heart rate |
| B | 78 | Endovascular coil embolization for intracranial aneurysm (prescription neurointerventional procedure) | Reduced death or dependency at one year in ruptured intracranial aneurysms suitable for either coiling or clipping |
| B | 78 | Oral azacitidine (CC-486, a prescription DNA methyltransferase-inhibiting anticancer drug; Onureg) | Reduced relapse and death in older patients with AML in first remission after intensive chemotherapy who were not candidates for hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation |
| B | 78 | Non-invasive bilevel positive-pressure ventilation (NIV or BiPAP, a mask-based respiratory-support device and hospital procedure) | Prevention of hospital mortality and endotracheal intubation in acute hypercapnic COPD exacerbation |
| B | 78 | Vutrisiran (Amvuttra, quarterly subcutaneous prescription siRNA) | Reduced mortality and recurrent cardiovascular events in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy |
| B | 77 | Lemborexant (dual orexin receptor antagonist, Dayvigo, prescription) | Improved sleep onset and sleep maintenance in insomnia |
| B | 77 | Finerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist; prescription Kerendia) | Reduced kidney-failure progression and cardiovascular events in albuminuric chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes |
| B | 77 | Teriparatide (PTH analog and bone-forming agent, Forteo, prescription) | Prevention of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in patients with osteoporosis at high fracture risk |
| B | 77 | Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto, prescription angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) | Reduced cardiovascular death and heart-failure hospitalization in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| B | 77 | Edoxaban (oral factor Xa inhibitor direct oral anticoagulant, Lixiana, prescription drug) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 77 | Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS, Mirena, prescription device) | Improved menstrual blood loss and quality of life in idiopathic heavy menstrual bleeding |
| B | 77 | Modafinil (a prescription non-amphetamine wake-promoting eugeroic; Provigil) | Reduction of excessive daytime sleepiness and maintenance of wakefulness in adults with narcolepsy |
| B | 77 | Raloxifene (prescription selective estrogen-receptor modulator, or SERM) | Reduced risk of new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis |
| B | 77 | Insulin lispro (prescription rapid-acting insulin analogue injection; Humalog) | Mealtime control of postprandial glucose and HbA1c in type 1 diabetes, with reduced postprandial excursions and hypoglycemia versus regular human insulin |
| B | 77 | Tirzepatide, a prescription injectable dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Mounjaro | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure and improved health status in HFpEF with obesity |
| B | 77 | High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV; prescription vaccine, Efluelda) | Additional prevention of laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza versus standard-dose vaccine in adults aged 65 years or older |
| B | 77 | Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT, 532-nm frequency-doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG ophthalmic procedure) | Reduced disease progression and need for incisional glaucoma surgery as first-line treatment for open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension |
| B | 77 | Ipilimumab (anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody, Yervoy, prescription anticancer infusion) | Prevention of recurrence, distant metastasis, and death after complete resection of high-risk stage III melanoma as adjuvant therapy |
| B | 77 | Fecal microbiota transplantation (donor-derived microbial procedure) | Clinical cure and prevention of recurrence in multiply recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection |
| B | 77 | Quetiapine fumarate (prescription atypical antipsychotic; Seroquel) | Prevention of recurrent manic, depressive, or mixed mood episodes in stabilized bipolar I disorder |
| B | 77 | Sodium oxybate (GABA-B-related central nervous system depressant, Xyrem, specially controlled oral prescription drug) | Reduced cataplexy attacks in patients with narcolepsy |
| B | 77 | Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (prescribed bariatric and metabolic surgery) | Long-term, five-year medication-free remission of type 2 diabetes in obesity or overweight |
| B | 77 | Oxytocin (prescription intramuscular or intravenous uterotonic peptide hormone) | Reduced postpartum hemorrhage and transfusion risk with prophylaxis immediately after birth |
| B | 77 | Nimodipine (a dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker and oral prescription drug) | Prevention of poor neurological outcome, including death or severe disability, after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| B | 77 | Hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide, an oral prescription drug) | Reduction of vaso-occlusive pain crises, acute chest syndrome, and transfusion in sickle cell anemia |
| B | 77 | Combined Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus probiotics (live biotherapeutic given enterally under clinical supervision) | Prevention of severe necrotizing enterocolitis and all-cause mortality in preterm or low-birth-weight infants |
| B | 77 | Dabrafenib plus trametinib (prescription combination of BRAF and MEK inhibitors) | Prevention of relapse and distant metastasis after complete resection of stage III BRAF V600-mutated melanoma |
| B | 77 | Maternal bivalent RSV prefusion-F vaccine (RSVpreF, Abrysvo, intramuscular prescription vaccine during pregnancy) | Prevention of severe RSV lower respiratory tract illness in infants through 6 months of age by maternal vaccination |
| B | 76 | Saffron (Crocus sativus) | depression and mood |
| B | 76 | Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 | Reduced crying time in breastfed infants with colic |
| B | 76 | Rifaximin (Normix; prescription gut-targeted antibiotic) | Reduced recurrence of hepatic encephalopathy and related hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis |
| B | 76 | Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, Diamox, prescription) | Prevention of acute mountain sickness in travelers ascending rapidly to high altitude |
| B | 76 | Low-dose rivaroxaban 2.5 mg plus aspirin (Xarelto combination, prescription) | Reduction in cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction in stable coronary or peripheral artery disease |
| B | 76 | Dupilumab (IL-4Rα-targeting monoclonal antibody, Dupixent, prescription medicine) | Improvement of pruritus and skin lesions in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis |
| B | 76 | Lactulose (nonabsorbable disaccharide, prescription medicine) | Prevention of recurrent overt hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis |
| B | 76 | Carvedilol (nonselective beta and alpha-1 blocker; prescription medicine, Dilatrend; off-label for portal hypertension) | Prevent a first decompensating event in compensated cirrhosis with clinically significant portal hypertension |
| B | 76 | OROS methylphenidate (extended-release central nervous system stimulant; controlled prescription drug; Concerta) | Reduction of core inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents aged six years or older |
| B | 76 | Quetiapine fumarate (prescription atypical antipsychotic; Seroquel) | Improvement in eight-week depressive symptoms, response, and remission during acute major depressive episodes of bipolar I or II disorder |
| B | 76 | Etoricoxib 30 mg, a prescription selective COX-2 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | Reduced pain and improved physical function in symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| B | 76 | Four-component meningococcal group B vaccine (4CMenB, Bexsero; specialist recombinant-protein plus outer-membrane-vesicle vaccine) | Prevention of invasive meningococcal group B disease from two months of age |
| B | 76 | Allopurinol (prescription xanthine-oxidase-inhibiting urate-lowering drug marketed as Zyloric) | Maintenance of target serum urate and long-term reduction of gout flares and tophi in recurrent or tophaceous gout |
| B | 76 | Etanercept (TNF-alpha inhibitor biologic; prescription injection, Enbrel) | Improved disease activity, function, and radiographic structural-damage progression when added to methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate methotrexate response |
| B | 76 | Vonoprazan plus amoxicillin (potassium-competitive acid blocker plus penicillin dual therapy; prescription regimen) | Eradication and cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in treatment-naive adults |
| B | 76 | Tibolone (tissue-selective synthetic steroid; prescription drug; Livial) | Prevention of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in older postmenopausal women with osteoporosis |
| B | 76 | Quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV 6/11/16/18 vaccine, prescription vaccine; Gardasil) | Prevention of vaccine-type HPV-related external genital lesions and genital warts in males aged 16 to 26 years |
| B | 76 | Tranexamic acid (antifibrinolytic hemostatic medicine, prescription intravenous injection) | Reduced death due to bleeding when given within three hours of birth for clinically diagnosed postpartum hemorrhage |
| B | 76 | Tirzepatide (dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist; prescription injection, Mounjaro) | Delayed or prevented progression to type 2 diabetes in adults with obesity and prediabetes |
| B | 76 | Aripiprazole once-monthly long-acting injection (D2 partial-agonist atypical antipsychotic; prescription Abilify Maintena) | Prevention of psychotic relapse and exacerbation in stabilized adults with schizophrenia |
| B | 76 | Capecitabine (an oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug and prescription anticancer medicine) | Reduced recurrence and death in residual HER2-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy |
| B | 76 | Ocrelizumab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, Ocrevus, prescription biologic) | Prevention of clinical relapses and sustained disability progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis |
| B | 76 | Enoxaparin (low-molecular-weight heparin, Clexane, prescription injection) | Reduced composite risk of death or nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction versus unfractionated heparin in fibrinolysis-treated STEMI |
| B | 76 | Prasugrel (P2Y12 inhibitor; Effient; prescription medicine) | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome scheduled for PCI |
| B | 76 | Budesonide (inhaled corticosteroid, Pulmicort, prescription medicine) | Prevention of severe exacerbations, emergency treatment, and hospitalization in early mild persistent asthma |
| B | 76 | Cilostazol (PDE3-inhibiting antiplatelet drug, Pletal, prescription medicine) | Prevention of recurrent stroke after noncardioembolic ischemic stroke |
| B | 76 | Secukinumab (IL-17A monoclonal antibody, Cosentyx, prescription biologic) | Skin clearance and itch improvement in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis |
| B | 76 | Tofacitinib (oral Janus kinase inhibitor; prescription Xeljanz) | Induction and 52-week maintenance of clinical remission in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis refractory to previous treatment |
| B | 76 | Early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (early TIPS; covered-stent shunt procedure) | Reduction in rebleeding and one-year mortality after high-risk acute variceal bleeding in cirrhosis |
| B | 76 | Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT, a structured specialist psychotherapy) | Prevention of recurrent suicide attempts and suicide-related hospitalization in high-risk borderline personality disorder |
| B | 76 | Captopril (oral prescription angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor) | Reduced risk of death, dialysis, or kidney transplantation in proteinuric diabetic nephropathy from type 1 diabetes |
| B | 76 | Tenecteplase (modified tissue plasminogen activator thrombolytic; prescription intravenous injection) | Reduced disability and dependence and improved functional independence at 90 days in eligible acute ischemic stroke |
| B | 76 | Inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (national immunization vaccine) | Prevention of clinical Japanese encephalitis in children |
| B | 76 | Bicalutamide (a nonsteroidal androgen-receptor antagonist and oral prescription anticancer drug, marketed as Casodex) | Reduction in metastasis, prostate-cancer death, and all-cause death when added to salvage radiotherapy for men with rising PSA after prostatectomy |
| B | 76 | Exemestane (steroidal aromatase inhibitor; oral prescription medicine marketed as Aromasin) | Primary prevention of invasive breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women |
| B | 76 | Aspirin (an antiplatelet cyclooxygenase inhibitor available by prescription and over the counter) | Long-term prevention of colorectal cancer in carriers of Lynch syndrome |
| B | 76 | Dispatcher-assisted compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an emergency medical dispatch-system intervention) | Increased survival to hospital discharge after non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
| B | 76 | Behavioral activation delivered as face-to-face psychotherapy | Improved depressive symptoms and functioning in major depressive disorder |
| B | 76 | Finasteride 1 mg (oral prescription tablet) | Slowed progression and increased hair growth in adult male androgenetic alopecia |
| B | 76 | Epley manoeuvre (physical canalith-repositioning procedure for the posterior semicircular canal) | Early resolution of vertigo and nystagmus in posterior-canal benign paroxysmal positional vertigo |
| B | 76 | Lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor | Reduced early mortality and severe ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction |
| B | 76 | Structured exercise program (three years of supervised and behaviorally supported aerobic exercise after adjuvant chemotherapy) | Reduced recurrence, new primary cancer, or death after adjuvant chemotherapy for resected colon cancer |
| B | 76 | Prolonged prone positioning for at least 16 hours per day | Lower 28-day and 90-day mortality in mechanically ventilated severe ARDS |
| B | 76 | Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation | Lower all-cause death or worsening-heart-failure hospitalization in atrial fibrillation with HFrEF |
| B | 76 | Cardiovascular polypill (fixed-dose aspirin 100 mg, atorvastatin 20 or 40 mg, and ramipril 2.5, 5, or 10 mg) | Reduction of recurrent major cardiovascular events after recent myocardial infarction |
| B | 76 | Early antiretroviral therapy (early ART) | Prevention of sexual HIV-1 transmission from a person living with HIV to a partner |
| B | 76 | Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | Reduction of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke versus PCI in diabetes with multivessel coronary disease |
| B | 76 | Venetoclax plus azacitidine, a lower-intensity anticancer regimen | Longer overall survival in previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia unsuitable for intensive chemotherapy |
| B | 76 | Cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder | Reduced social anxiety, avoidance, and functional impairment with increased response and remission |
| B | 76 | Intravenous artesunate for severe malaria | Reduced in-hospital mortality in severe falciparum malaria |
| B | 76 | Metronidazole 500 mg twice daily for seven days | Reduced persistent infection or positive test of cure in women with trichomoniasis |
| B | 76 | 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevnar 13) | Prevention of vaccine-type community-acquired pneumonia in adults aged 65 years or older |
| B | 76 | Contingency management with rewards tied to objectively verified abstinence | Increased sustained abstinence and treatment retention during treatment for stimulant use disorder |
| B | 76 | Topical 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) | Arrest of existing active dentin caries lesions in early childhood |
| B | 76 | Empagliflozin 10 mg, a prescription SGLT2 inhibitor | Reduced cardiovascular death or heart-failure hospitalization in chronic heart failure with ejection fraction above 40% |
| B | 76 | A short course of oral prednisone started at discharge after emergency treatment of acute asthma | Prevention of asthma relapse and additional care 7 to 21 days after discharge |
| B | 76 | Non-removable pressure off-loading with a total contact cast | Complete healing of noninfected, nonischemic neuropathic plantar diabetic foot ulcers |
| B | 76 | Empagliflozin 10 mg, a prescription SGLT2 inhibitor | Reduction of kidney-disease progression or cardiovascular death in adults with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression |
| B | 76 | Total trans-fat intake during a period dominated by industrial trans fat | More myocardial infarction and coronary death |
| B | 76 | Residential radon exposure | Increased lung-cancer incidence |
| B | 76 | Indoor tanning-device use | Higher melanoma incidence |
| B | 76 | Live-attenuated herpes zoster vaccine, Zostavax | Reduction or delay of new dementia diagnoses in older adults |
| B | 76 | A planned seven-day antibiotic strategy for bloodstream infection | Noninferiority to fourteen days for 90-day mortality |
| B | 76 | Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination | Reduced incidence of invasive cervical cancer |
| B | 76 | Coronary CT angiography added to standard care | Prevention of coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction in stable chest pain |
| B | 76 | Cataract extraction, usually removal of the cloudy lens with intraocular-lens implantation | Reduced incident dementia in older adults |
| B | 76 | Two years of adjuvant abemaciclib added to standard endocrine therapy | Reduction of invasive recurrence in hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive high-risk early breast cancer |
| B | 76 | Repeated single-embryo transfer | Reduction of multiple birth in good-prognosis IVF |
| B | 76 | Planned labor induction at 39 weeks | Perinatal outcomes and cesarean delivery in low-risk nulliparous women |
| B | 76 | Cardiovascular polypill containing simvastatin, atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and ramipril | Primary prevention in people without cardiovascular disease |
| B | 76 | Awake prone positioning | Reduced intubation or death |
| B | 76 | Baricitinib 4 mg daily for up to 10 to 14 days | Reduced 28-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
| B | 76 | Dexamethasone 6 mg orally or intravenously once daily for up to 10 days | Reduced 28-day mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| B | 76 | Individually tailored multifactorial fall prevention addressing exercise, medication, vision, and home hazards | Reduced falls and recurrent falls over one year in community-dwelling older adults |
| B | 76 | Early transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis | Reduced death, stroke, or unplanned cardiovascular hospitalization |
| B | 76 | Oral conjugated equine estrogen 0.625 mg plus medroxyprogesterone acetate | Increased pulmonary embolism |
| B | 76 | Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg | Reduction of major cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity, established cardiovascular disease, and no diabetes |
| B | 76 | Prophylactic onlay mesh reinforcement added to midline closure in high-risk adults | Prevention of incisional hernia at two years |
| B | 76 | Propranolol 180 or 240 mg/day started 5-21 days after myocardial infarction | Reduction in long-term all-cause mortality |
| B | 76 | Active preoperative or intraoperative warming to maintain normothermia | Reduced surgical-site infection |
| B | 76 | Prophylactic multilayer silicone-foam dressings on the sacrum and heels | Reduced new pressure injuries in high-risk hospital or nursing-home patients |
| B | 76 | One 30-minute preoperative physiotherapy education and breathing-training session before upper abdominal surgery | Reduced 14-day postoperative pulmonary complications and pneumonia |
| B | 76 | Preoperative oral antibiotics added to intravenous prophylaxis for elective colorectal surgery | Reduced 30-day surgical-site infection versus intravenous prophylaxis alone |
| B | 76 | A bundled active-management strategy for the third stage of labor | Reduced postpartum hemorrhage of at least 500 mL versus physiological or expectant management |
| B | 76 | A prophylactic platelet-transfusion threshold of 25×10⁹/L in severely thrombocytopenic preterm neonates | Reduced death or new major bleeding by day 28 versus a threshold of 50×10⁹/L |
| B | 76 | Specialist-selected high-bioavailability oral antibiotics for the first six weeks of complex bone and joint infection treatment | No increase in one-year treatment failure beyond the prespecified margin versus prolonged intravenous therapy |
| B | 76 | Two units of thawed plasma before hospital arrival for trauma patients at risk of hemorrhagic shock | Reduced 28- to 30-day mortality versus crystalloid-centered standard resuscitation |
| B | 76 | Epinephrine 1 mg during standard resuscitation for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Increased 30-day survival |
| B | 76 | A six-month repeated decolonization regimen using 4% chlorhexidine bathing, 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash, and 2% nasal mupirocin | Reduced one-year clinical MRSA infection among carriers after discharge |
| B | 76 | High-dose postdilution online hemodiafiltration targeting at least 23 L of convection volume per session | Reduced all-cause mortality versus high-flux hemodialysis in maintenance dialysis |
| B | 76 | A restrictive red-cell transfusion strategy starting below hemoglobin 7 g/dL in severe acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding | Improved six-week survival versus a liberal 9 g/dL threshold |
| B | 76 | A lying-down policy keeping the pelvis as horizontal as possible during second-stage labor in nulliparous women with low-dose epidural analgesia | Increased spontaneous vaginal birth versus an upright policy |
| B | 76 | One 0.5-mL intramuscular dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) | Reduced all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia in nursing-home residents |
| B | 76 | A bundled nursing-home pneumonia pathway with oral antibiotics, portable radiography, oximetry, oxygen, subcutaneous fluids, and research-nurse monitoring | Reduced hospital admission for nursing-home residents with pneumonia or lower respiratory infection |
| B | 76 | A single 500-mg intravenous dose of azithromycin added to standard cesarean antibiotic prophylaxis | Fewer maternal postoperative infections within six weeks after nonelective cesarean delivery during labor or after membrane rupture |
| B | 76 | Acute-heart-failure mortality-risk stratification plus 30-day rapid specialist transitional care | Reduced all-cause death or cardiovascular hospitalization after an emergency visit |
| B | 76 | Twenty-four-hour structured home remote patient management for selected patients with heart failure | Reduced days lost to unplanned cardiovascular hospitalization or all-cause death |
| B | 76 | Low-dose aspirin 81 mg daily started at 6 weeks 0 days to 13 weeks 6 days of pregnancy | Prevention of delivery before 37 weeks in nulliparous singleton pregnancies in low-resource countries |
| B | 76 | Four months of androgen-deprivation therapy added to radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer | Improved overall survival and prostate-cancer mortality |
| B | 76 | E-MOTIVE, combining a calibrated blood-collection drape with concurrent first-response treatment | Reduced severe postpartum hemorrhage, laparotomy for bleeding, or death from bleeding after vaginal birth |
| B | 76 | One 0.5 mL dose of Vi-tetanus-toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine, Typbar-TCV | Prevention of blood-culture-confirmed typhoid over two years in children aged 9 months to 15 years in an endemic setting |
| B | 76 | An antihypertensive strategy treating mild chronic hypertension during pregnancy to below 140/90 mm Hg | Reduction of a composite of severe preeclampsia, medically indicated preterm birth, placental abruption, or fetal or neonatal death |
| B | 76 | A bypass-first strategy using adequate single-segment great saphenous vein in chronic limb-threatening ischemia | Reduction in major adverse limb events or death versus an endovascular-first strategy |
| B | 76 | Add-on azithromycin 500 mg three times weekly for adults with uncontrolled asthma despite medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting bronchodilator | Reduced moderate and severe asthma exacerbations over 48 weeks |
| B | 76 | Targeted temperature management at 33°C for 24 hours after nonshockable cardiac arrest | Increased survival with favorable neurologic function at day 90 |
| B | 76 | Laparoscopic parenchyma-sparing liver resection for resectable colorectal liver metastases | Reduction of clinically relevant surgical complications within 30 days |
| B | 76 | Hybrid Ivor-Lewis esophagectomy with laparoscopic abdominal mobilization and open thoracotomy | Reduction of major intraoperative or 30-day complications |
| B | 76 | Restrictive perioperative red-cell transfusion threshold | Reduced red-cell use while keeping major clinical events within an acceptable margin in moderate- to high-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass |
| B | 76 | Antenatal dexamethasone for women at risk of early preterm birth | Reduced neonatal death and stillbirth-or-neonatal-death in low-resource hospitals |
| B | 76 | A single intraoperative 8-mg intravenous dose of dexamethasone | No clinically unacceptable increase in 30-day surgical-site infection with reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting after noncardiac surgery |
| B | 76 | Plasma-Lyte 148 balanced crystalloid | Reduced delayed graft function requiring dialysis within 7 days after deceased-donor kidney transplantation |
| B | 76 | Combined hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone | Reduced 90-day mortality in adults with vasopressor-dependent septic shock |
| B | 76 | Intravenous pantoprazole for stress-ulcer prophylaxis | Reduced clinically important upper gastrointestinal bleeding in invasively ventilated ICU patients |
| B | 76 | Reduced-dose oral glucocorticoid regimen with a faster taper for severe ANCA-associated vasculitis | Noninferior death or end-stage kidney disease with fewer serious infections than standard-dose glucocorticoids |
| B | 76 | Aspirin 81 mg twice daily for thromboprophylaxis after fracture | Noninferior 90-day mortality compared with low-molecular-weight heparin |
| B | 76 | Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy | Noninferior five-year overall survival versus open surgery in clinical stage I gastric cancer |
| B | 76 | Flexible duty-hour rules for surgical residents | Noninferior 30-day postoperative death or serious complications among patients |
| B | 76 | Four-month standard antituberculosis treatment | Noninferior unfavorable outcomes versus six months in children with nonsevere drug-susceptible tuberculosis |
| B | 76 | Area-wide deployment of wMel Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti | Reduced symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue |
| B | 76 | Simple hysterectomy with lymph-node assessment | Noninferiority to radical hysterectomy for three-year pelvic recurrence in early low-risk cervical cancer |
| B | 76 | Two days of postoperative intravenous antibiotics | Noninferiority to five days for 90-day infection or death after surgery for complex appendicitis |
| B | 76 | Neoadjuvant FOLFOX with selective radiation | Noninferior disease-free survival and radiation de-escalation versus standard chemoradiotherapy |
| B | 76 | Transanal total mesorectal excision | Noninferior 3-year disease-free survival versus laparoscopic TME in mid-to-low rectal cancer |
| B | 75 | Baricitinib (JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, Olumiant, prescription medicine) | Scalp hair regrowth in severe alopecia areata |
| B | 75 | Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug available over the counter and by prescription | Relief of pain and daily-life impairment from primary dysmenorrhea |
| B | 75 | Metformin (prescription biguanide; Glucophage) | Delay or prevention of type 2 diabetes in high-risk adults with prediabetes |
| B | 75 | Timolol maleate (prescription nonselective beta-blocker ophthalmic drug) | Lowered intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension |
| B | 75 | Permethrin 5% (prescription topical pyrethroid acaricide for scabies) | Mite clearance and clinical cure of classic scabies |
| B | 75 | Pramipexole (prescription D2/D3 dopamine agonist; Mirapex) | Improvement of nocturnal symptoms and sleep satisfaction in moderate-to-severe idiopathic restless legs syndrome |
| B | 75 | Aripiprazole is a prescription atypical antipsychotic with partial dopamine D2 receptor agonist properties. | The claim is improvement in depressive symptoms, response, and remission when added for adults with major depressive disorder inadequately responsive to antidepressants. |
| B | 75 | Rimegepant (oral calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, gepant, and prescription medicine) | Freedom from pain and the most bothersome associated symptom two hours after dosing for acute migraine in adults |
| B | 75 | Palivizumab (monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV F protein; prescription biologic, Synagis) | Prevention of RSV-associated hospitalization in high-risk infants, including those born preterm or with bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| B | 75 | Azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic, prescription drug) | Reduced acute-exacerbation frequency and delayed first recurrence in patients with COPD at high risk of exacerbation |
| B | 75 | Ethosuximide (succinimide antiseizure medicine, Zarontin, prescription medicine) | Seizure freedom and prevention of treatment failure in childhood absence seizures |
| B | 75 | Nivolumab plus ipilimumab (intravenous immune-checkpoint inhibitor combination, prescription anticancer therapy) | Longer overall survival than lenvatinib or sorafenib as first-line therapy for unresectable or metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma |
| B | 75 | Bezlotoxumab (C. difficile toxin B monoclonal antibody, Zinplava, prescription infusion) | Prevention of recurrent C. difficile infection after standard antibiotic treatment |
| B | 75 | Lateral internal sphincterotomy (prescribed anal-sphincter decompression surgery) | Complete healing and prevention of recurrence in medically refractory chronic anal fissure |
| B | 75 | Broad-spectrum sunscreen (functional sunscreen cosmetic or over-the-counter product) | Prevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through daily application |
| B | 75 | Appendectomy (prescribed laparoscopic or open surgery) | Definitive treatment and long-term recurrence prevention for CT-confirmed uncomplicated acute appendicitis in adults |
| B | 75 | Oral vancomycin (prescription glycopeptide antibiotic capsule) | Clinical cure of severe Clostridioides difficile infection |
| B | 75 | Low-calorie total diet replacement program (nutritionally complete formula plus stepped food reintroduction, nonpharmacological program) | Drug-free remission of recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes in adults with overweight or obesity |
| B | 75 | Low-tidal-volume lung-protective ventilation (a critical-care mechanical-ventilation strategy and procedure) | Reduced 28-day and hospital mortality in adult acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| B | 75 | Linzagolix (Yselty, prescription oral GnRH antagonist) | Reduction of uterine-fibroid-associated heavy menstrual bleeding to the clinical response threshold |
| B | 74 | Cranberry (proanthocyanidins, PAC) | Urinary tract and bladder health: inhibition of harmful bacterial adhesion in the urinary tract and reduced risk of recurrent urinary tract infection |
| B | 74 | Potassium | Blood pressure |
| B | 74 | Saccharomyces boulardii | Diarrhea, gut health |
| B | 74 | Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) | High-intensity exercise performance |
| B | 74 | DHA and long-chain omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy | Reduced risk of preterm and early preterm birth |
| B | 74 | Senna leaf and sennosides (Senna alexandrina; stimulant laxative) | Improved bowel-movement frequency and symptoms in adults with chronic functional constipation |
| B | 74 | Faricimab (dual VEGF/Ang-2 antibody, Vabysmo, prescription medicine) | Maintenance of visual improvement with dosing intervals up to 16 weeks in wet age-related macular degeneration |
| B | 74 | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (prescription GLP-1 receptor agonist) | One-year weight loss and weight-loss maintenance in adults with obesity |
| B | 74 | Rosuvastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; Crestor; prescription drug) | Primary prevention of a first major cardiovascular event in adults without high LDL cholesterol but with elevated hs-CRP |
| B | 74 | Tadalafil (prescription PDE5 inhibitor; Cialis) | Improved erectile function and intercourse success in men with erectile dysfunction |
| B | 74 | Solriamfetol (a prescription dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake-inhibiting wake-promoting agent) | Reduced excessive daytime sleepiness and sustained wakefulness in adults with narcolepsy |
| B | 74 | Pitolisant (prescription histamine H3-receptor inverse agonist) | Reduced excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in narcolepsy |
| B | 74 | Pregabalin (alpha-2-delta gabapentinoid; prescription drug, Lyrica; off-label for restless legs syndrome in Korea) | Improvement of nocturnal symptoms, periodic limb movements, and sleep disturbance in moderate-to-severe restless legs syndrome |
| B | 74 | Naltrexone 50 mg (mu-opioid receptor antagonist, prescription drug; Revia) | Reduced heavy drinking and return to drinking in alcohol use disorder when combined with counseling |
| B | 74 | Topical tretinoin (prescription all-trans retinoid cream) | Improved fine wrinkles, mottled pigmentation, and rough texture of facial photoaging |
| B | 74 | Divalproex or valproate (a prescription valproate-complex-salt antiseizure medicine and mood stabilizer, including Depakote) | Improved symptoms and treatment response in adults with an acute manic episode of bipolar I disorder |
| B | 74 | Febuxostat (prescription xanthine oxidase inhibitor and urate-lowering drug; Feburic) | Long-term reduction of gout flares and tophi by maintaining serum urate below 6 mg/dL in recurrent gout |
| B | 74 | Topiramate (a sulfamate-substituted antiseizure prescription drug; Topamax) | Reduced monthly attack frequency and prevention of migraine in adults |
| B | 74 | Bevacizumab (prescription anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody; off-label ophthalmic use) | Improved vision and macular thickness with intravitreal injection in center-involved diabetic macular edema |
| B | 74 | Paliperidone palmitate (long-acting injectable atypical antipsychotic; prescription drug, Invega Sustenna) | Delayed psychotic relapse and related hospitalization in stabilized adults with schizophrenia |
| B | 74 | Clozapine (dibenzodiazepine atypical antipsychotic, prescription medicine; Clozaril) | Prevention of suicide attempts and hospitalization to prevent suicide in high-risk schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder |
| B | 74 | Abaloparatide (PTHrP-analog bone-forming agent, Tymlos, prescription injection) | Prevention of new vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high fracture risk |
| B | 74 | Bupropion sustained release (NDRI smoking-cessation medicine, prescription drug) | Improved six-month continuous smoking abstinence when combined with counseling |
| B | 74 | Valproic acid or sodium valproate (broad-spectrum antiseizure medicine, Depakine, prescription drug) | Suppression of seizure recurrence and achievement of 12-month remission in newly diagnosed generalized or unclassifiable epilepsy |
| B | 74 | Intramuscular midazolam (benzodiazepine; prescription injection) | Seizure cessation before emergency-department arrival in prehospital convulsive status epilepticus |
| B | 74 | Infliximab (anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, Remsima, prescription biologic) | Reduction in colectomy risk through 54 weeks in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis |
| B | 74 | Anastrozole (nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor; Arimidex; prescription anticancer medicine) | Prevention of recurrence after surgery for hormone-receptor-positive early breast cancer in postmenopausal women |
| B | 74 | Tezepelumab (TSLP-blocking monoclonal antibody; Tezspire; prescription injection) | Prevention of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids, emergency care, or hospitalization in severe uncontrolled asthma |
| B | 74 | Fondaparinux (synthetic pentasaccharide indirect factor Xa inhibitor, prescription injection; Arixtra) | Prevention of symptomatic recurrent venous thromboembolism during initial treatment of acute pulmonary embolism and deep-vein thrombosis |
| B | 74 | Verteporfin (benzoporphyrin photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy, Visudyne, prescription infusion plus laser procedure) | Prevention of moderate or severe vision loss in wet age-related macular degeneration with classic choroidal neovascularization |
| B | 74 | Topical fluorouracil 5% (pyrimidine antimetabolite; prescription cream) | Reduced squamous cell carcinoma incidence and surgery in people at high risk of actinic keratosis and skin cancer |
| B | 74 | Adhesive occlusion patch for amblyopia (non-drug ophthalmic product) | Visual-acuity improvement and treatment success in residual childhood amblyopia after refractive correction |
| B | 74 | Olanzapine (oral prescription atypical antipsychotic; Zyprexa) | Prevention of mood-episode relapse in bipolar I disorder that responded to olanzapine |
| B | 74 | Cervical cerclage (McDonald or Shirodkar technique, prescription obstetric procedure) | Prevention of previable birth, perinatal death, and preterm birth in singleton pregnancies with a prior spontaneous birth before 34 weeks and a short midtrimester cervix |
| B | 74 | Early pars plana vitrectomy (vitreoretinal microsurgery, prescription procedure) | Prevention of long-term severe visual loss and recovery of useful vision in severe vitreous hemorrhage and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in type 1 diabetes |
| B | 74 | Immediate pars plana vitrectomy (prescribed vitreoretinal surgery) | Prevention of severe visual loss in eyes with light-perception-only vision from bacterial endophthalmitis after cataract surgery |
| B | 74 | Irbesartan (an oral prescription angiotensin-receptor blocker, marketed as Avapro) | Prevention of doubling of serum creatinine and progression to end-stage renal disease in proteinuric type 2 diabetic nephropathy |
| B | 74 | Long-acting injectable risperidone (atypical antipsychotic; prescription injection) | Prevention of psychotic relapse and rehospitalization in stabilized schizophrenia |
| B | 74 | Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT, structured eight-week specialist psychotherapy) | Prevention of depressive-episode relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder in remission |
| B | 74 | Cemented hip hemiarthroplasty (bone-cement fixation, a prescribed surgical procedure) | Prevention of periprosthetic fracture compared with uncemented hemiarthroplasty in older adults with displaced femoral-neck fracture |
| B | 74 | Public-access automated external defibrillator (AED, an automated emergency defibrillation device) | Increased survival to hospital discharge after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
| B | 74 | Prophylactic closed-incision negative-pressure wound therapy (a pump-based wound device and procedure) | Prevention of postoperative surgical-site infection |
| B | 74 | Elinzanetant 120 mg, oral capsules, a nonhormonal prescription drug | Reduced frequency and severity of moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes and night sweats |
| B | 74 | Clesrovimab 105 mg (single intramuscular dose of an anti-RSV monoclonal antibody) | Prevention of RSV-associated medically attended lower respiratory infection and RSV-associated hospitalization during an infant's first RSV season |
| B | 74 | Zuranolone (50 mg, 14-day oral prescription course) | Rapid reduction of depressive symptoms in postpartum depression |
| B | 74 | Perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen, with or without indapamide | Prevention of recurrent stroke after stroke or transient ischemic attack |
| B | 73 | Topical minoxidil 5% (nonprescription medicine) | Hair regrowth in male and female androgenetic alopecia |
| B | 73 | Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF, Viread, prescription) | Long-term viral suppression and reduction of fibrosis and disease progression in chronic hepatitis B |
| B | 73 | Low-dose colchicine (Colkin, prescription anti-inflammatory medicine) | Reduced recurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other major cardiovascular events in coronary disease |
| B | 73 | Vibegron (beta-3 adrenergic agonist, Beova, prescription medicine) | Improved urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| B | 73 | Ulipristal acetate (selective progesterone receptor modulator, ellaOne, prescription medicine) | Emergency contraception and pregnancy prevention within 120 hours after unprotected intercourse |
| B | 73 | Venlafaxine extended release (a prescription SNRI antidepressant and anxiolytic; Effexor XR) | Reduction of anxiety symptoms and increased response and remission in generalized anxiety disorder |
| B | 73 | Extended-release phentermine/topiramate (prescription fixed-dose combination; Qsymia) | Reduction in body weight and waist circumference over 56 weeks in adults with obesity using diet and exercise |
| B | 73 | Atomoxetine (prescription selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and nonstimulant) | Reduced core inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms in adult ADHD |
| B | 73 | Riluzole (a benzothiazole glutamate modulator, Rilutek, prescription medicine) | Delayed death or tracheostomy and prolonged survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| B | 73 | Nivolumab (PD-1 immune-checkpoint antibody, Opdivo, prescription injection) | Prevention of recurrence and distant metastasis as adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage III to IV melanoma |
| B | 73 | Rivaroxaban (direct factor Xa-inhibiting DOAC, Xarelto, prescription medicine; 15-to-20-mg VTE regimen) | Treatment of acute deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and prevention of recurrent symptomatic venous thromboembolism |
| B | 73 | Fluoxetine (prescription selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant; Prozac) | Prevention of depressive-episode relapse in remitted major depressive disorder |
| B | 73 | Early decompressive hemicraniectomy (emergency prescription neurosurgery) | Reduced combined risk of death and severe disability when performed within 48 hours for malignant middle cerebral artery infarction |
| B | 73 | Post-exacerbation pulmonary rehabilitation (an exercise, breathing-training, and education program) | Prevention of readmission after hospitalization for a COPD exacerbation |
| B | 73 | Finerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, oral prescription tablet) | Reduced composite risk of worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction |
| B | 72 | Beet (red beet, beetroot juice/powder; inorganic nitrate NO3-) | Blood pressure and exercise performance |
| B | 72 | Fructooligosaccharides (FOS; prebiotics) | Gut health and smoother bowel movements |
| B | 72 | Beta-alanine | Exercise performance (high-intensity and endurance) |
| B | 72 | Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), retinal and visual-development axis | Maintenance of retinal function and infant visual development |
| B | 72 | Nicotinamide (niacinamide) | Prevention of recurrent nonmelanoma skin cancer in high-risk patients |
| B | 72 | Zolpidem (prescription nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic) | Shorter sleep latency and increased total sleep time in short-term insomnia |
| B | 72 | Tranexamic acid (prescription antifibrinolytic; Doransamin) | Reduction of menstrual blood loss in idiopathic or functional heavy menstrual bleeding |
| B | 72 | Levonorgestrel (NorLevo, single-agent emergency contraceptive pill) | Emergency contraception and pregnancy prevention after unprotected intercourse |
| B | 72 | Lurasidone (a prescription atypical antipsychotic marketed as Latuda) | Improvement of major depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder |
| B | 72 | Efinaconazole, a prescription topical triazole antifungal sold as Jublia | Complete cure of mild to moderate toenail onychomycosis |
| B | 72 | Fluconazole, a prescription triazole antifungal sold including as Diflucan | Six-month suppression and reduced recurrence of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| B | 72 | Cetirizine (second-generation H1 antihistamine, Zyrtec, nonprescription and prescription medicine) | Relief of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and itching in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis |
| B | 72 | Daridorexant (dual orexin receptor antagonist, prescription medicine) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and daytime functioning in adult insomnia |
| B | 72 | Suvorexant (a prescription dual orexin receptor antagonist) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and total sleep time in adults with insomnia |
| B | 72 | Sodium picosulfate (nonprescription stimulant laxative; Dulcopurl) | Improvement in complete spontaneous bowel-movement frequency and stool status in chronic constipation |
| B | 72 | Dulaglutide (once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist; prescription injection, Trulicity) | Lower HbA1c in type 2 diabetes and reduce major adverse cardiovascular events in people at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 72 | Lamotrigine (prescription phenyltriazine mood-stabilizing antiseizure medicine; Lamictal) | Delayed recurrence of mood episodes, especially depressive episodes, in stabilized bipolar I disorder |
| B | 72 | Bromfenac ophthalmic solution (prescription topical NSAID; Bronuck) | Reduced anterior-segment inflammation and ocular pain after cataract surgery |
| B | 72 | Avanafil (selective prescription phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor; Zepeed) | Improvement in IIEF erectile function, penetration success on SEP2, and intercourse success on SEP3 in men with erectile dysfunction |
| B | 72 | Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (prescription intravenous PD-L1 inhibitor plus anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody; Tecentriq plus Avastin) | Longer overall and progression-free survival than sorafenib in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma without prior systemic therapy |
| B | 72 | Mirtazapine, a prescription noradrenergic and specific serotonergic tetracyclic antidepressant marketed as Remeron | Improved depressive symptoms, treatment response, and remission in adults with major depressive disorder |
| B | 72 | Clomiphene citrate (a prescription selective estrogen receptor modulator, or SERM) | Increased ovulation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth in women with PCOS-related anovulatory infertility |
| B | 72 | Apalutamide (androgen-receptor inhibitor; prescription anticancer medicine, Erleada) | Prolonged overall survival and radiographic progression-free survival when added to androgen-deprivation therapy in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer |
| B | 72 | Darolutamide (nonsteroidal androgen-receptor inhibitor; prescription anticancer drug, Nubeqa) | Prolonged overall survival when added to androgen-deprivation therapy and docetaxel in metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer |
| B | 72 | Durvalumab (PD-L1-blocking monoclonal antibody; prescription anticancer infusion, Imfinzi) | Prolonged overall survival when added to gemcitabine and cisplatin as first-line treatment for unresectable or metastatic biliary tract cancer |
| B | 72 | Ribociclib (CDK4/6 inhibitor; prescription anticancer drug, Kisqali) | Prolonged overall survival with first-line ribociclib plus letrozole in HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer |
| B | 72 | Bazedoxifene (selective estrogen-receptor modulator, or SERM; prescription osteoporosis drug, Viviant) | Prevention of new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis |
| B | 72 | Mirvetuximab soravtansine (folate receptor alpha-targeted antibody-drug conjugate; prescription anticancer infusion; Elahere) | Prolonged overall survival versus single-agent chemotherapy in folate receptor alpha-high platinum-resistant ovarian cancer |
| B | 72 | Lutetium-177 vipivotide tetraxetan (lutetium-177-PSMA-617; PSMA-targeted prescription radioligand; Pluvicto) | Prolonged overall survival in PSMA-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after an androgen-receptor-pathway inhibitor and taxane therapy |
| B | 72 | Liraglutide 3.0 mg (GLP-1 receptor agonist, prescription injection; Saxenda) | Delay or prevention of type 2 diabetes onset in adults with obesity and prediabetes |
| B | 72 | Eplerenone (selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; prescription medicine) | Reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular-event hospitalization after acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure |
| B | 72 | Ticagrelor (reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor; prescription drug, Brilinta) | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke and reduced all-cause mortality versus clopidogrel when combined with aspirin in acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 72 | Liraglutide 1.8 mg (GLP-1 receptor agonist; prescription injection, Victoza) | Reduced three-point MACE consisting of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 72 | Ramipril (prescription ACE inhibitor; Tritace) | Reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in adults at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 72 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP; prescribed or rented sleep-breathing medical device) | Improvement in daytime sleepiness, daily functioning, and quality of life in obstructive sleep apnea |
| B | 72 | Extended-release metoprolol succinate (metoprolol succinate CR/XL, selective beta-1 blocker, prescription medicine) | Reduction of all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in stable symptomatic HFrEF |
| B | 72 | Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine (inactivated prescription vaccine) | Prevention of culture-confirmed typhoid fever in residents of and travelers to endemic areas |
| B | 72 | Olaparib (PARP-inhibitor targeted anticancer drug, Lynparza, prescription medicine) | Reduction of invasive recurrence and death after surgery for germline BRCA1/2-mutated, HER2-negative, high-risk early breast cancer |
| B | 72 | Cabazitaxel (taxane chemotherapy, Jevtana, prescription injection) | Prolongation of overall survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel |
| B | 72 | Misoprostol (prostaglandin E1 analogue, Cytotec, oral prescription drug) | Prevention of serious upper gastrointestinal complications such as bleeding and perforation in long-term NSAID users |
| B | 72 | Enzalutamide (androgen-receptor inhibitor, Xtandi, oral prescription anticancer drug) | Added to ADT to prolong overall survival in high-risk nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer |
| B | 72 | Regorafenib (multitarget tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, Stivarga, oral prescription anticancer drug) | Prolonged overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma that progressed after sorafenib |
| B | 72 | Albendazole (benzimidazole anthelmintic, nonprescription medicine) | Parasitological cure of intestinal soil-transmitted nematode infections including ascariasis and hookworm |
| B | 72 | Candesartan cilexetil (oral prescription angiotensin-receptor blocker; Atacand) | Reduced cardiovascular death and heart-failure hospitalization in ACE-inhibitor-intolerant heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| B | 72 | Phacoemulsification with intraocular-lens implantation (prescription cataract surgery) | Reduced recurrent falls, fall rate, and fracture risk in visually impaired older women |
| B | 72 | Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (fixed-dose combination, BiDil, prescription medicine) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in Black patients with severe HFrEF receiving standard therapy |
| B | 72 | Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP, prescribed endoscopic urologic surgery) | Prevention of long-term treatment failure, including urinary retention and crossover to invasive treatment, in moderately symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| B | 72 | Atovaquone/proguanil (fixed-dose antimalarial combination; oral prescription medicine marketed as Malarone) | Prevention of clinical malaria in travelers to endemic areas |
| B | 72 | Capecitabine (oral fluoropyrimidine prodrug, prescription anticancer medicine) | Prevention of recurrence and death as adjuvant monotherapy after complete resection of stage III colon cancer |
| B | 72 | Household flocculant-disinfectant water-treatment sachet (a ferric-sulfate and calcium-hypochlorite consumable) | Prevention of infectious diarrhoea among people in settings with contaminated drinking water |
| B | 72 | Professional fluoride varnish (a professionally applied topical fluoride dental treatment) | Prevention of caries in primary and permanent teeth of children and adolescents |
| B | 72 | Daily inpatient toothbrushing (a physical oral-hygiene and hospital infection-control intervention) | Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly in mechanically ventilated inpatients |
| B | 72 | Low-dose aspirin (160 mg/day as an oral tablet) | Reduced postoperative recurrence of localized colorectal cancer with a PI3K-pathway alteration |
| B | 72 | Tai chi (exercise intervention) | Improved sleep in older adults with chronic insomnia |
| B | 72 | Pelvic floor muscle training for women, also called Kegel exercise | Reduced leakage and symptoms of female stress urinary incontinence |
| B | 72 | Pitavastatin, a prescription HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor statin | Prevention of major cardiovascular events in people with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy |
| B | 72 | Empagliflozin (prescription SGLT2 inhibitor; Jardiance) | Reduced cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease |
| B | 72 | Acute aspirin 160 mg (antiplatelet drug used in prescription and emergency care) | Reduced early vascular mortality in acute myocardial infarction |
| B | 72 | Hearing aids (air-conduction hearing-assistance medical devices) | Improved conversational listening and hearing-related quality of life in adults with mild to moderate hearing loss |
| B | 72 | Nicotine e-cigarette used as a smoking-cessation aid | Higher one-year sustained abstinence than nicotine-replacement therapy |
| B | 72 | Supervised walking exercise (structured exercise therapy under clinical supervision) | Improved intermittent claudication and walking ability in peripheral artery disease |
| B | 72 | Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy combining antibiotics with acid suppression | Prevention of recurrence after healing of Helicobacter-positive peptic ulcer |
| B | 72 | Dupilumab (IL-4R-alpha-targeting monoclonal antibody; prescription injection) | Reduced moderate or severe exacerbations in COPD with elevated eosinophils and type 2 inflammation |
| B | 72 | Pembrolizumab plus pemetrexed and platinum chemotherapy (prescription anticancer regimen) | Prolonged overall survival in metastatic nonsquamous non-small-cell lung cancer |
| B | 72 | Exposure and response prevention (ERP or EX/RP, structured psychotherapy) | Reduced obsessive-compulsive symptoms and improved treatment response |
| B | 72 | Cognitive behavioral therapy for panic disorder (CBT or panic-control treatment) | Reduced panic-disorder severity and improved treatment response |
| B | 72 | Apixaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor | Prevention of recurrent cancer-associated venous thromboembolism |
| B | 72 | Pulmonary rehabilitation for stable COPD (multidisciplinary exercise, education, and behavior-change program) | Improvement of dyspnea and health-related quality of life in stable COPD |
| B | 72 | Combined oral contraceptive containing estrogen and progestin | Relief of primary dysmenorrhea |
| B | 72 | Intravenous ondansetron 4 mg, a 5-HT3 antagonist antiemetic | Prevention of nausea and vomiting during the first 24 hours after surgery |
| B | 72 | Buprenorphine or buprenorphine-naloxone maintenance treatment | Reduced illicit opioid use and treatment dropout in opioid use disorder |
| B | 72 | Prolonged Exposure therapy, a trauma-focused psychotherapy for PTSD | Reduced PTSD symptoms and increased loss of diagnosis and remission |
| B | 72 | Cognitive behavioral therapy specifically adapted for bulimia nervosa, CBT-BN | Cessation of binge eating and purging and increased remission |
| B | 72 | Mechanical thrombectomy for acute basilar-artery occlusion | Reduced 90-day disability and increased good functional status after acute basilar-artery occlusion stroke |
| B | 72 | Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for seven days, a prescription tetracycline antibiotic | Microbiologic cure of confirmed rectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection |
| B | 72 | Single-dose oral ondansetron, a prescription 5-HT3 receptor antagonist antiemetic | Reduced vomiting during oral rehydration and reduced intravenous-fluid use in pediatric acute gastroenteritis |
| B | 72 | Amoxicillin-clavulanate, a prescription penicillin combination antibiotic | Reduced short-term treatment failure in rigorously diagnosed acute otitis media among infants and toddlers |
| B | 72 | Interpersonal psychotherapy, a structured 12-session psychological treatment | Reduction in depressive symptoms and persistence of major depression after childbirth |
| B | 72 | Walking about 7,000 to 10,000 or more steps per day | Lower all-cause mortality through a special 10,000-step threshold |
| B | 72 | Facility-level breastfeeding promotion and support program | Reduced infant gastrointestinal infection through 12 months |
| B | 72 | Impella CP microaxial flow pump | Reduced 180-day all-cause mortality in STEMI-related cardiogenic shock |
| B | 72 | Seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine given shortly after myocardial infarction | Reduced cardiovascular events over one year |
| B | 72 | Preoperative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol | Reduction of 30-day surgical-site infection after clean-contaminated surgery |
| B | 72 | Smoking cessation | Reduction in all-cause mortality versus continued smoking |
| B | 72 | Raloxifene 60 mg daily for five years | Primary prevention of breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women |
| B | 72 | Intravesical BCG induction and maintenance after TURBT | Reduced recurrence in intermediate- and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |
| B | 72 | Daily-wear reusable soft contact lenses that are cleaned and stored for reuse | Higher incidence of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a form of microbial keratitis, than with daily disposable lenses |
| B | 72 | Tailored automated smoking-cessation text messaging, txt2stop | Increased biochemically verified continuous abstinence at six months |
| B | 72 | Ibuprofen 600 mg three times daily for acute mountain sickness prophylaxis | Reduced acute mountain sickness during rapid ascent |
| B | 72 | Electric clipping on the day of surgery | Reduced surgical-site infection versus razor shaving |
| B | 72 | Warm perineal compresses during the second stage of labor | Reduced third- and fourth-degree perineal tears |
| B | 72 | Taurolidine 13.5 mg/mL plus heparin 1,000 U/mL catheter-lock solution | Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in hemodialysis through a central venous catheter |
| B | 72 | Daily rifaximin chemoprophylaxis during travel | Prevention of travelers' diarrhea |
| B | 72 | One intravenous dose of amoxicillin 1 g plus clavulanic acid 200 mg within six hours after forceps or vacuum birth | Reduced maternal infection within six weeks after birth |
| B | 72 | Prophylactic noninvasive ventilation immediately after planned extubation in high-risk ICU patients | Reduced reintubation within seven days versus high-flow nasal oxygen alone |
| B | 72 | Individualised energy- and protein-targeted nutritional support started within 48 hours for medical inpatients at nutritional risk | Reduction in the 30-day composite of death, ICU admission, non-elective readmission, major complications, or functional decline |
| B | 72 | High-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for long-stay nursing-home residents aged 65 years or older | Reduction in six-month respiratory-related hospitalization versus standard-dose vaccine |
| B | 72 | Twenty-four hours of high-flow nasal cannula immediately after planned extubation in low-risk ICU adults | Reduced reintubation within 72 hours versus conventional oxygen |
| B | 72 | An extended clinical-pharmacist transition package spanning medication review, reconciliation, counseling, and postdischarge coordination | Reduced all-cause readmission within 180 days versus usual care |
| B | 72 | A reengineered discharge bundle combining nurse coordination, an individualized discharge plan, and a pharmacist call 2 to 4 days later | Reduced 30-day emergency visits and readmissions |
| B | 72 | One unit of prophylactic platelet concentrate before ultrasound-guided CVC placement in adults with 10,000 to 50,000 platelets per microliter | Reduced grade 2-to-4 procedure-related bleeding within 24 hours |
| B | 72 | The absorbable TYRX minocycline-and-rifampin-eluting envelope added to standard antibiotic prophylaxis | Reduced major CIED infection within 12 months after higher-risk device procedures |
| B | 72 | Preoperative intensive threshold inspiratory-muscle training plus breathing and coughing instruction for high-risk CABG patients | Reduction in postoperative pulmonary complications and pneumonia |
| B | 72 | Wearing a standards-compliant motorcycle helmet at the time of a crash | Reduced head injury and fatal injury in crashes |
| B | 72 | Group cognitive-behavioral prevention for high-risk adolescents | Prevention of new depressive episodes |
| B | 72 | Caseload midwifery continuity through pregnancy, birth, and postpartum care | Reduced caesarean birth among women at low obstetric risk |
| B | 72 | Continuous small-bites closure using 5 mm bites and 5 mm advances with 2-0 PDS Plus II after elective midline laparotomy | Reduced one-year incisional hernia versus at least 10 mm bites and 10 mm advances with 1 PDS Plus II |
| B | 72 | One 200-mg doxycycline dose within 72 hours after removal of a high-risk Ixodes scapularis tick | Prevention of erythema migrans at the tick-bite site |
| B | 72 | Half-strength apple juice in the emergency department followed by preferred fluids | Fewer seven-day treatment failures in young children with mild gastroenteritis and minimal dehydration |
| B | 72 | FIRE physiology-guided complete revascularization after myocardial infarction in adults aged 75 years or older | Reduced death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization |
| B | 72 | Repeated PSA-based prostate-cancer screening offered every two to four years to men aged 55 to 69 | Reduction in prostate-cancer mortality over 13 years |
| B | 72 | Therapist-guided web-based CBT and problem-solving self-help for adults with subthreshold depression | Reduced onset of major depressive disorder over 12 months |
| B | 72 | Two doses of the live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 on days 0 and 90 in children aged 4-16 in endemic regions | Reduced symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue over 12 months |
| B | 72 | Non-crosslinked porcine collagen biological mesh placed deep to the abdominal wall during stoma closure | Reduction of clinically detected stoma-site incisional hernia within two years |
| B | 72 | Selective switch to oral antibiotics after an initial intravenous course | Reduced hospitalization and intravenous-treatment burden without an unacceptable increase in six-month major clinical events in stable left-sided infective endocarditis |
| B | 72 | Early low-dose hydrocortisone during the first 10 postnatal days | Increased survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm infants |
| B | 72 | Ward protocol for fever, hyperglycemia, and swallowing | Reducing death or dependency after acute stroke |
| B | 72 | Withholding supplemental parenteral nutrition during the first PICU week | Reduced newly acquired infection and PICU dependency |
| B | 72 | Single-dose high-dose liposomal amphotericin B combination therapy | Noninferior 10-week all-cause mortality in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis |
| B | 72 | Omission of sentinel lymph node biopsy | De-escalation preserving five-year distant disease-free survival in small breast cancer with negative axillary ultrasonography |
| B | 72 | A five-day course of prednisone 40 mg | Noninferior six-month re-exacerbation after hospitalized acute COPD exacerbation versus 14 days |
| B | 72 | Insulin degludec | Cardiovascular noninferiority with fewer severe hypoglycemic events |
| B | 72 | Single blastocyst-stage embryo transfer | Cumulative live birth after up to three transfers versus cleavage-stage transfer |
| B | 72 | Laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy | Noninferiority to tubal occlusion for surgical complications through eight weeks after permanent contraception |
| B | 72 | Omission of prophylactic cefuroxime 1.5 g before transperineal prostate biopsy | Noninferiority for sepsis or urinary tract infection requiring hospitalization within two months |
| B | 72 | PERC no-testing rule-out strategy | Noninferior exclusion of three-month missed thromboembolism in very-low-risk emergency patients |
| B | 72 | Laparoscopic rectal-cancer resection | Noninferior 3-year locoregional recurrence versus open rectal-cancer resection |
| B | 72 | Delayed second-procedure TARGIT intraoperative radiotherapy | Increased five-year local recurrence in the conserved breast and failed noninferiority versus whole-breast external-beam radiotherapy |
| B | 72 | Everolimus-eluting stent PCI | Noninferior three-year death, stroke, or myocardial infarction versus CABG in left main coronary disease of low or intermediate anatomic complexity |
| B | 72 | Ceftolozane-tazobactam | Noninferior 28-day mortality versus meropenem in ventilated nosocomial pneumonia |
| B | 72 | Left atrial appendage closure with Watchman FLX | Noninferior death, stroke, or systemic embolism versus anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation ablation |
| B | 72 | Sentinel-node-navigated neck surgery strategy | Noninferior three-year overall survival in clinically node-negative early oral cancer |
| B | 71 | Olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solution (prescription H1 antihistamine and mast-cell stabilizer) | Relief of ocular itching and redness in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis |
| B | 71 | Acamprosate calcium (prescription glutamatergic-system anti-craving medicine) | Supported continuous abstinence and prevented return to drinking after detoxification in alcohol use disorder |
| B | 71 | Suicide-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (structured specialist psychotherapy) | Prevention of repeat suicide attempts and recurrent self-harm in adults with a recent suicide attempt |
| B | 70 | Peppermint oil (enteric-coated peppermint oil) | Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
| B | 70 | Vitamin D, bone-health axis | Calcium absorption, prevention of osteomalacia, and reduction of fracture risk |
| B | 70 | Zinc in the AREDS and AREDS2 context | Reduced risk of intermediate age-related macular degeneration progressing to advanced disease and central vision loss |
| B | 70 | Bisacodyl | Improvement of bowel-movement frequency and symptoms in adults with chronic functional constipation |
| B | 70 | Carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink | Improved performance and hydration during endurance exercise lasting at least one hour |
| B | 70 | Eszopiclone (Zopistar; prescription Z-drug) | Shorter sleep onset, improved sleep maintenance, and increased total sleep time in chronic insomnia |
| B | 70 | Orlistat 120 mg (Xenical; prescription gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor) | Clinically significant long-term weight loss when combined with diet |
| B | 70 | Dutasteride (5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, Avodart, prescription) | Increased hair count and width in male androgenetic alopecia |
| B | 70 | Galantamine (Reminyl, prescription cholinesterase inhibitor) | Delayed decline in cognition and daily function in Alzheimer's dementia |
| B | 70 | Naproxen (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, NSAID, nonprescription or prescription) | Improvement of pain and function in knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| B | 70 | Spironolactone (prescription antiandrogenic diuretic; Aldactone; off-label for acne) | Improvement of persistent or hormonally influenced acne in adult women |
| B | 70 | Abrocitinib (oral selective JAK1 inhibitor; Cibinqo; prescription drug) | Improvement of skin lesions and itch in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis |
| B | 70 | Upadacitinib (oral JAK1 inhibitor, Rinvoq, prescription) | Improvement in remission, pain, and physical function in rheumatoid arthritis inadequately responsive to prior antirheumatic therapy |
| B | 70 | Bupropion XL (prescription extended-release norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressant; Wellbutrin XL) | Improvement in depressive symptoms, response, and remission in adult major depressive disorder and prevention of relapse in responders |
| B | 70 | Mefenamic acid (prescription fenamate NSAID, including Ponstel) | Reduction of pain and need for additional analgesics in primary dysmenorrhea |
| B | 70 | Rivastigmine transdermal patch (prescription AChE and BuChE inhibitor; Exelon) | Symptomatic attenuation of cognitive and daily-function decline in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease |
| B | 70 | Rotigotine (non-ergot dopamine agonist; prescription transdermal patch, Neupro) | Reduction of nighttime symptoms, periodic limb movements, and sleep disturbance in moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome |
| B | 70 | Valacyclovir (prescription guanosine antiviral prodrug; Valtrex) | Prevention of transmission to an uninfected partner through daily suppressive therapy by a person with symptomatic genital HSV-2 |
| B | 70 | Azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic, prescription drug) | Reduced composite of postpartum maternal sepsis or death after a single 2-g intrapartum dose in women planning vaginal birth; the standalone maternal-mortality effect was null |
| B | 70 | Lace-up ankle brace (non-drug injury-prevention support) | Prevention of first-time and recurrent acute ankle injuries during basketball and field or court sports |
| B | 70 | Bempedoic acid (oral prescription ATP citrate lyase inhibitor; Nexletol) | Reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in statin-intolerant patients at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 70 | Lacosamide (functionalized-amino-acid antiseizure medicine; Vimpat; prescription medicine) | Maintenance of six-month seizure freedom as monotherapy for newly diagnosed focal or primary generalized tonic-clonic epilepsy |
| B | 70 | Nordic hamstring exercise (a nonpharmacologic eccentric-strength training intervention) | Prevention of first and recurrent hamstring injuries in athletes including football players |
| B | 70 | Tenapanor (50 mg orally twice daily, prescription) | Concurrent improvement in abdominal pain and complete spontaneous bowel movements in IBS-C |
| B | 70 | Screening mammography (low-dose breast radiography) | Reduced breast cancer mortality through regular screening of women in their 40s |
| B | 70 | Racemic ketamine (intravenous infusion) | Rapid reduction of depressive symptoms within 24 hours in treatment-resistant depression |
| B | 70 | Intranasal fluticasone propionate, a topical corticosteroid | Reduced congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| B | 70 | High-flow 100% oxygen (acute inhalation at 12 L/min through a non-rebreather mask) | Pain freedom or adequate relief within 15 minutes during an acute cluster-headache attack |
| B | 70 | Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) | Reduction of symptoms and rescue-medication use in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| B | 70 | Nitrofurantoin (urinary antibiotic) | Symptom resolution and clinical cure of acute uncomplicated cystitis in women |
| B | 70 | Ibuprofen 400 mg (oral NSAID) | Single-dose pain relief for four to six hours in moderate or severe acute postoperative pain |
| B | 70 | OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox intramuscular injection) | Improvement of abnormal posture, neck pain, and disability in cervical dystonia |
| B | 70 | Naproxen, a nonselective NSAID | Relief of primary dysmenorrhea |
| B | 70 | Colchicine, an oral prescription anti-inflammatory drug | Prevention of additional recurrent pericarditis episodes |
| B | 70 | Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation using standard high-frequency left-prefrontal protocols | Acute symptomatic remission of treatment-resistant major depressive disorder |
| B | 70 | Clomipramine, a prescription tricyclic serotonin-reuptake-inhibiting antidepressant | Reduction of obsessions and compulsions and increased treatment response in adults with obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| B | 70 | High water intake targeting at least 2 L of urine per 24 hours | Prevention of five-year recurrence after treatment of a first idiopathic calcium kidney stone |
| B | 70 | Sleeping in standard soft, approved extended-wear silicone-hydrogel, or rigid contact lenses | Increased microbial keratitis |
| B | 70 | Metabolic-bariatric surgery | Reduction in all-cause mortality |
| B | 70 | Rigid rocker-sole therapeutic footwear | Prevention of recurrent healed plantar ulcer |
| B | 70 | Occupational standing or walking for at least 75% of work time | Increased hospitalization for lower-limb varicose veins |
| B | 70 | Antenatal digital perineal massage performed by the woman or her partner from 34 to 35 weeks | Reduced episiotomy and suturing-requiring perineal trauma at vaginal birth |
| B | 70 | 0.12% to 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse or a single intrasocket application of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel | Prevention of alveolar osteitis, or dry socket, after tooth extraction |
| B | 70 | Elastic abdominal binder after cesarean delivery | Improved early walking and recovery |
| B | 70 | Bilateral daytime polypropylene functional foot orthoses made from negative casts and individualized prescriptions | Relief of walking pain at six months in mild-to-moderate hallux valgus |
| B | 70 | Pregnancy smoking-cessation incentives contingent on biochemically verified abstinence | Increased biochemically verified smoking cessation late in pregnancy |
| B | 70 | Six to eight sessions of group cognitive behavioral therapy addressing pain-related thoughts and behaviors, pacing, graded activity, and avoidance | Reduced disability related to chronic low-back pain |
| B | 70 | Repeated cessation counseling plus nicotine replacement begun four to eight weeks before surgery | Reduced postoperative complications |
| B | 70 | Endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage | Reduced ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults |
| B | 70 | Antibiotic-corticosteroid ear drops for acute otorrhea in children with tympanostomy tubes | Improved otorrhea resolution and clinical cure versus oral amoxicillin-clavulanate or observation |
| B | 70 | A two-second vapocoolant skin spray immediately before adult venipuncture or peripheral IV cannulation | Reduced patient-reported procedural pain immediately after needle insertion |
| B | 70 | Fresh clean nonsterile examination gloves for uncomplicated laceration repair or minor skin excision | No increase in post-repair wound infection versus sterile surgical gloves |
| B | 70 | Universal nursing-home decolonization with chlorhexidine for routine bathing and periodic nasal 10% povidone-iodine | Reduced transfer to hospital because of infection |
| B | 70 | Progressive threshold inspiratory-muscle strength training in tracheostomized patients with prolonged failure to wean | More successful weaning sustained for 72 hours versus constant low-load sham training |
| B | 70 | One gram of EMLA cream 60 minutes before hemodialysis arteriovenous-fistula cannulation | Reduced cannulation pain versus a lidocaine patch |
| B | 70 | A policy that systematically offers one relative the option to witness out-of-hospital CPR with a dedicated support person | Reduction in relatives' PTSD-related symptoms at 90 days |
| B | 70 | Long-term structured moderate-intensity physical activity for sedentary adults aged 70-89 at risk of mobility disability | Prevention of major mobility disability, inability to walk 400 m within 15 minutes |
| B | 70 | Rapid PCR screening followed by 2% intranasal mupirocin and 4% chlorhexidine soap for S. aureus nasal carriers on admission | Reduction of hospital-associated S. aureus infection through six weeks after discharge |
| B | 70 | Stroke early supported discharge in which a specialist multidisciplinary team accelerates hospital discharge and continues rehabilitation at home | Reduced death or dependency after mild-to-moderate stroke |
| B | 70 | Cash-like rewards contingent on successful smoking cessation | Increased sustained abstinence through six months versus usual cessation support |
| B | 70 | A double-sock system using a thin polyester liner under a dense wool-polypropylene outer sock | Reduction in boot-related foot blisters during military training |
| B | 70 | A multicomponent moderate-intensity physical activity and personalized nutrition program for older adults with physical frailty and sarcopenia | Reduced incident mobility disability defined by failure of the 400-m walk |
| B | 70 | Rituximab plus short-course prednisone | Increased complete remission off therapy at 24 months in newly diagnosed moderate-to-severe pemphigus |
| B | 70 | A preformed metal crown placed with the Hall Technique | Reduced major failure from pulpal disease or restoration failure requiring intervention in carious primary molars |
| B | 70 | Postoperative oral calcium 3 g/day plus active vitamin D 1 microgram/day | Prevention of symptomatic hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy plus central neck dissection for papillary thyroid cancer |
| B | 70 | Endoscopic sinus surgery plus intranasal corticosteroids and saline irrigation | Improved symptoms and quality of life at six months in adults with chronic rhinosinusitis remaining symptomatic after appropriate medical therapy |
| B | 70 | Hip arthroscopy | Improved hip-related quality of life and function at 12 months in femoroacetabular impingement syndrome |
| B | 70 | Early tailored multidomain physical rehabilitation | Improved three-month physical function in older adults hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure |
| B | 70 | Intravenous alteplase selected by MRI DWI-FLAIR mismatch | Increased functional independence at 90 days after acute ischemic stroke of unknown onset |
| B | 70 | Mobile health-supported ABC integrated care pathway | Reduced composite thromboembolism, death, and rehospitalization in atrial fibrillation |
| B | 70 | High-dose pralidoxime regimen using a 2 g loading dose followed by 1 g per hour for 48 hours | Reduced need for intubation and duration of mechanical ventilation in moderately severe organophosphorus pesticide poisoning |
| B | 70 | Offer of a soft bandage with immediate discharge | Equivalent three-day pain after pediatric distal radius torus fracture |
| B | 69 | Ketotifen fumarate ophthalmic solution (nonprescription antihistamine and mast-cell stabilizer) | Relief of ocular itching and tearing from seasonal allergic conjunctivitis |
| B | 69 | Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor, prescription drug; Aricept) | Symptomatic relief of cognition and daily function in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer dementia |
| B | 69 | Paroxetine (prescription SSRI; Seroxat) | Reduction of panic attacks and anticipatory anxiety and achievement of panic-free status in adults with panic disorder |
| B | 69 | Lamotrigine (phenyltriazine antiseizure medicine, Lamictal, prescription drug) | Suppression of seizure recurrence and 12-month seizure remission in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy |
| B | 69 | Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (prescribed metabolic and bariatric surgical procedure) | Long-term medication-free remission of type 2 diabetes associated with obesity |
| B | 69 | Lenvatinib (oral prescription multikinase inhibitor targeting VEGFR and FGFR; Lenvima) | Overall survival noninferior to sorafenib in previously untreated unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma |
| B | 69 | 4% chlorhexidine cord care (an antiseptic-based neonatal procedure and WHO essential medicine) | Prevention of omphalitis and neonatal death in settings with unhygienic cord practices |
| B | 69 | Linaclotide (guanylate cyclase-C agonist, oral prescription capsule) | Improved complete spontaneous bowel movement frequency and sense of complete evacuation in chronic idiopathic constipation |
| B | 68 | L-carnitine | Body fat and dieting |
| B | 68 | Ginger (gingerol) | digestion, anti-inflammatory effects, and nausea |
| B | 68 | Tart cherry (Montmorency, Prunus cerasus) | improving sleep quality/sleep duration and post-exercise muscle recovery |
| B | 68 | Berberine | Blood glucose, cholesterol, and lipids |
| B | 68 | OM-85 bacterial lysate, marketed as Broncho-Vaxom | Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children and high-risk groups |
| B | 68 | Escitalopram (SSRI, Lexapro) | Symptom response and remission in major depressive disorder |
| B | 68 | Ezetimibe (cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, Ezetrol, prescription medicine) | Reduced recurrent cardiovascular events when added to a statin after acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 68 | Extended-release naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave; prescription obesity medicine) | One-year weight loss in adults with obesity when combined with diet and exercise |
| B | 68 | Clotrimazole vaginal tablet (topical azole antifungal, Canesten, nonprescription or prescription) | Clinical and mycological cure of uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| B | 68 | Ibandronate (nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate; prescription drug, Boniva) | Reduction of new morphometric vertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis |
| B | 68 | Broad-spectrum UVA/UVB sunscreen (functional cosmetic) | Slower progression of ultraviolet-induced skin aging with daily use |
| B | 68 | Nepafenac (prescription ophthalmic NSAID; Nevanac) | Prevention of macular edema and visual loss after cataract surgery in patients with diabetic retinopathy |
| B | 68 | Silodosin (selective alpha-1A blocker; prescription drug) | Improvement of IPSS, urinary flow, voiding discomfort, and quality of life in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| B | 68 | Moxifloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution, a prescription fourth-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic marketed as Vigamox | Clinical cure and eradication of causative bacteria in bacterial conjunctivitis |
| B | 68 | Ivermectin (prescription macrocyclic lactone antiparasitic medicine, including Stromectol) | Mite clearance and clinical cure of classic scabies |
| B | 68 | Mirabegron (beta-3 adrenergic receptor agonist and extended-release prescription medicine) | Reduced urinary frequency, urgency, and urgency urinary incontinence in adults with overactive bladder |
| B | 68 | Levofloxacin 0.5% ophthalmic solution, a prescription fluoroquinolone antibiotic marketed as Cravit | Clinical cure and eradication of causative organisms in bacterial conjunctivitis |
| B | 68 | Orlistat (gastrointestinal and pancreatic lipase inhibitor; prescription drug, Xenical) | Prevention of type 2 diabetes onset in adults with obesity and impaired glucose tolerance |
| B | 68 | Vericiguat (soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator; prescription drug, Verquvo) | Reduced risk of the composite of cardiovascular death or first heart-failure hospitalization when added to standard therapy in symptomatic chronic heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% after recent worsening |
| B | 68 | mRESVIA (mRNA-1345, RSV prefusion-F mRNA vaccine, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed RSV lower respiratory tract disease in adults aged 60 years or older |
| B | 68 | Carbamazepine (dibenzazepine antiseizure medicine, Tegretol, prescription medicine) | Suppression of seizure recurrence and 12-month seizure remission in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy |
| B | 68 | Lamivudine (nucleoside antiviral, Zeffix, prescription medicine) | Reduced clinical progression of liver disease in chronic hepatitis B with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis |
| B | 68 | Intravenous iron sucrose (intravenous iron replacement; prescription injection) | Reduced composite risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or heart-failure hospitalization with a proactive high-dose strategy up to 400 mg monthly in hemodialysis |
| B | 68 | Snowboard wrist guard (protective equipment; nonmedical product) | Prevention of wrist fractures and sprains during snowboarding |
| B | 68 | Doxycycline (prescription tetracycline antibiotic used preventively as doxy-PEP) | Prevention of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis by taking 200 mg after sex in MSM and transgender women with a bacterial STI history |
| B | 68 | Interferon beta-1a (immunomodulatory biologic, Rebif, prescription injection) | Prevention of clinical relapses and disability progression in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis |
| B | 68 | Alprostadil (PGE1 intracavernosal vasodilator, Caverject, prescription drug) | Induction of an erection sufficient for intercourse when PDE5 inhibitors are unsuitable or inadequate |
| B | 68 | Carbetocin (long-acting oxytocin-receptor agonist uterotonic, prescription injection; Duratocin) | Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage and severe postpartum hemorrhage when given immediately after birth |
| B | 68 | Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (prescription corticosteroid implant; Ozurdex) | Clinically meaningful visual recovery of at least 15 letters in macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion |
| B | 68 | Imiquimod 5% cream (topical immune-response modifier; prescription Aldara) | Nonsurgical tumor clearance and long-term treatment success for low-risk superficial or nodular basal cell carcinoma |
| B | 68 | Oxcarbazepine (sodium-channel-blocking antiseizure medicine, Trileptal, oral prescription drug) | Maintenance of 24- and 48-week seizure freedom with monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy |
| B | 68 | Riboflavin-UVA corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL, a photochemical ophthalmic procedure) | Prevention of corneal protrusion or K-value progression and visual deterioration in progressive keratoconus |
| B | 68 | Human albumin 20% (plasma-protein biologic, prescription intravenous infusion) | Reduced mortality and hospitalization with long-term weekly administration in decompensated cirrhosis with ascites |
| B | 68 | Dexamethasone (glucocorticoid, intravenous prescription medicine) | Reduced death and poor neurological outcome when given immediately before or with antibiotics in adults with bacterial meningitis |
| B | 68 | Acoramidis (Attruby, oral prescription TTR stabilizer) | Improved composite outcome of mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization, and functional decline in ATTR-CM |
| B | 68 | Clascoterone (1% topical prescription cream) | Improved treatment success and lesion counts in moderate-to-severe facial acne |
| B | 68 | Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesic | Two-hour pain relief during an acute migraine attack |
| B | 68 | Tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the palatine tonsils) | Reduction of sore-throat days in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis |
| B | 68 | Scalp cooling with a circulating cooling cap before, during, and after chemotherapy infusion | Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in breast cancer |
| B | 68 | Vestibular rehabilitation (exercise therapy using eye, head, and body movements plus balance adaptation) | Reduced chronic vestibular dizziness and related disability |
| B | 68 | Dimenhydrinate | Prevention of motion sickness |
| B | 68 | Topical pure silicone gel without another active scar ingredient | Prevention and improvement of hypertrophic scars and keloids |
| B | 68 | Five minutes of handheld-fan airflow directed across the nose and mouth during refractory breathlessness | Immediate reduction in patient-perceived breathlessness |
| B | 68 | A 25-mm needle for infant intramuscular immunization | Reduced post-vaccination local reactions compared with a 16-mm needle |
| B | 68 | Endovascular thrombectomy for anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion with an established large infarct | Improved 90-day disability distribution and function |
| B | 68 | Intravitreal bevacizumab | Noninferior 6-month vision versus aflibercept in macular edema from retinal vein occlusion |
| B | 67 | Sertraline (a prescription SSRI antidepressant, marketed as Zoloft) | Relief of core symptoms and functional impairment in post-traumatic stress disorder |
| B | 67 | Sotagliflozin (prescription dual SGLT1/2 inhibitor; INPEFA) | Reduction in the composite of cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization, and urgent heart-failure visits after recent worsening heart failure in type 2 diabetes |
| B | 66 | Cinnamon (cinnamon; mainly cassia cinnamon/Ceylon cinnamon and cinnamon extract) | blood glucose |
| B | 66 | Riboflavin (vitamin B2) | Migraine prevention |
| B | 66 | Beta-sitosterol (prostate-efficacy axis) | Improvement of urinary symptoms and flow in benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| B | 66 | L-methylfolate (5-MTHF) | Improvement in depression and adjunctive antidepressant therapy |
| B | 66 | Esketamine nasal spray (Spravato, prescription and supervised administration) | Rapid improvement of treatment-resistant depression |
| B | 66 | Prucalopride (5-HT4 agonist; prescription drug) | Normalization of spontaneous complete bowel movements in chronic idiopathic constipation inadequately responsive to laxatives |
| B | 66 | Dienogest (progestin, Visanne, prescription) | Reduction of endometriosis-associated pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea |
| B | 66 | Vortioxetine (Brintellix, prescription antidepressant) | Cognitive and processing-speed improvement independent of depression improvement |
| B | 66 | Famotidine (prescription and nonprescription H2-receptor blocker) | Relief of heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and healing of erosive esophagitis |
| B | 66 | Fremanezumab (anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody, Ajovy, prescription medicine) | Prevention of episodic and chronic migraine with fewer monthly migraine days |
| B | 66 | Celecoxib (a selective COX-2-inhibiting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory prescription medicine marketed as Celebrex) | Reduced pain and stiffness and improved physical function in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis |
| B | 66 | Ferric carboxymaltose (prescription intravenous ferric iron; Ferinject) | Improvement of fatigue, NYHA functional class, six-minute walk distance, and quality of life in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency |
| B | 66 | Meloxicam (an oxicam NSAID with preferential COX-2 inhibition; prescription drug, marketed as Mobic) | Improved pain, stiffness, and WOMAC function scores in knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| B | 66 | Wide local excision for melanoma (appropriate surgical margin, prescription skin-cancer operation) | Prevention of locoregional recurrence and melanoma death with a wider margin versus 1 cm for trunk or limb melanoma at least 2 mm thick by Breslow depth |
| B | 65 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 299v | Relief of IBS abdominal pain, gas, and bloating |
| B | 65 | Buspirone (Buspar, prescription) | Relief of persistent anxiety and tension in generalized anxiety disorder |
| B | 65 | Memantine (NMDA receptor antagonist, Ebixa, prescription medicine) | Delayed decline in cognition and daily function in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease |
| B | 65 | Galcanezumab (anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody; Emgality; prescription drug) | Reduction in monthly migraine headache days in adults with episodic or chronic migraine |
| B | 65 | Fluoxetine (prescription SSRI antidepressant; Prozac) | Acute symptom response and remission in adults with major depressive disorder |
| B | 65 | Travoprost 0.004%, a prescription ophthalmic prostaglandin F2-alpha analogue | Reduction of intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension |
| B | 65 | Aquablation, robot-assisted transurethral waterjet resection | Improved moderate-to-severe urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia as much as TURP while reducing ejaculatory dysfunction |
| B | 64 | Saffron extract, including affron, sleep-efficacy axis | Improvement of sleep onset and sleep quality |
| B | 64 | Sodium alginate, or alginate | Relief of gastroesophageal reflux and heartburn symptoms |
| B | 64 | Ketoconazole shampoo (topical antifungal; Nizoral) | Reduced scalp seborrheic dermatitis, dandruff, itching, and recurrence |
| B | 64 | Dapoxetine (short-acting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Priligy, prescription medicine) | Improved intravaginal ejaculatory latency time, ejaculatory control, and sexual satisfaction in men with premature ejaculation |
| B | 64 | Atogepant (oral CGRP receptor antagonist, Aquipta, prescription) | Reduction in monthly migraine days in adults with episodic or chronic migraine |
| B | 64 | Solifenacin (antimuscarinic, Vesicare, prescription) | Improvement of urgency, frequency, and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| B | 64 | Paroxetine (prescription SSRI; low-dose 7.5 mg for menopausal hot flashes) | Reduced moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes and night sweats |
| B | 64 | Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, a prescription organic-nitrate vasodilator in sublingual form) | Rapid short-term relief within minutes of an acute angina attack caused by coronary artery disease |
| B | 64 | Ferrous sulfate (oral ferrous iron salt sold as an OTC medicine or supplement) | Relief of nighttime symptoms in restless legs syndrome with ferritin at or below 75 ng/mL |
| B | 64 | Dorzolamide 2% (prescription topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ophthalmic solution; Trusopt) | Lower intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension |
| B | 64 | Fezolinetant, a prescription nonhormonal neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist marketed as Veozah | Reduced frequency and severity of moderate-to-severe menopausal hot flashes and night sweats |
| B | 64 | Alprazolam (relatively short-acting, high-potency benzodiazepine; controlled prescription drug marketed as Xanax) | Short-term reduction of panic-attack frequency and anticipatory anxiety in adults with panic disorder |
| B | 64 | Ferric carboxymaltose (a prescription intravenous iron complex; Ferinject) | Improved nighttime symptoms and sleep in adults with restless legs syndrome and iron deficiency |
| B | 64 | Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (prescription 4-aminoquinoline conventional synthetic DMARD; Haloxin) | Improvement of pain, swelling, physical function, and disease activity in DMARD-naive low-activity early rheumatoid arthritis |
| B | 64 | Conjugated equine estrogens (CEE, menopausal hormone therapy, prescription medicine) | Reduced hip fractures during treatment in postmenopausal women after hysterectomy |
| B | 64 | BCG vaccine (tuberculosis vaccine, professionally administered vaccine) | Reduced active tuberculosis after a first dose in previously unvaccinated children |
| B | 64 | Colchicine (microtubule-inhibiting prescription anti-inflammatory drug; also called colchicine and marketed in Korea as Colkin) | Pain reduction and flare relief in acute gout |
| B | 64 | Doxazosin (prescription alpha-1 blocker; Cardura XL) | Prevention of long-term composite clinical progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| B | 64 | Sacral neuromodulation with an implanted InterStim-type neurostimulator | Improvement of refractory overactive bladder and urgency urinary incontinence |
| B | 63 | Complex extract including Cynanchum wilfordii (EstroG-100: Cynanchum wilfordii/Cynanchum, Phlomis umbrosa, and Angelica gigas complex) and pomegranate extract/pomegranate concentrate | Relief of menopausal symptoms in women |
| B | 63 | High-EPA omega-3 fatty acids | Reduction of depressive symptoms and adjunctive use with antidepressants |
| B | 63 | Lactulose | Improvement of bowel-movement frequency and stool consistency in chronic constipation |
| B | 63 | Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, prescription bile-acid gallstone dissolution medicine) | Dissolution of small noncalcified cholesterol gallstones in a functioning gallbladder |
| B | 63 | Digoxin (cardiac glycoside; prescription medicine) | Reduced hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with HFrEF and normal sinus rhythm |
| B | 63 | Continuation or maintenance electroconvulsive therapy (anesthetized prescription brain-stimulation procedure) | Prevention of one-year depressive-episode relapse and psychiatric hospitalization when added to medication after remission with acute ECT |
| B | 62 | Red yeast rice (monacolin K, red yeast rice) | Cholesterol improvement |
| B | 62 | Avocado-soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) | Improvement of knee osteoarthritis pain and function |
| B | 62 | Kava (Piper methysticum) | Relief of anxiety symptoms |
| B | 62 | Curcumin | Adjunctive induction and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis |
| B | 62 | Benzoyl peroxide (topical antimicrobial and keratolytic, Benzac, nonprescription) | Reduction of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions in mild to moderate acne |
| B | 62 | Triazolam (Halcion, prescription benzodiazepine) | Short-term improvement of sleep onset in adult insomnia |
| B | 62 | Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid, prescription antiviral) | Reduced hospitalization and death in high-risk nonhospitalized patients treated early for COVID-19 |
| B | 62 | Tibolone (synthetic steroid, Livial, prescription medicine) | Relief of postmenopausal vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats |
| B | 62 | Low-dose doxepin (3 to 6 mg prescription medicine) | Improved sleep maintenance and reduced nighttime wakefulness in chronic insomnia |
| B | 62 | Chlorhexidine mouthwash (antimicrobial oral rinse) | Reduced plaque accumulation and gingivitis as an adjunct to toothbrushing |
| B | 62 | Alfuzosin hydrochloride extended-release tablet, an alpha blocker sold by prescription including as Xatral XL | Improved lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary bother, and quality of life in benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| B | 62 | Lasmiditan, a prescription selective 5-HT1F receptor agonist ditan sold as Reyvow | Pain freedom two hours after dosing for an acute migraine attack |
| B | 62 | Fosfomycin trometamol (a prescription phosphonic-acid antibiotic) | Clinical cure of acute uncomplicated cystitis in nonpregnant women with a single 3-g dose |
| B | 62 | Flurazepam (a long-acting benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic, controlled prescription medicine, marketed as Dalmadorm) | Reduced sleep-onset latency and nocturnal awakenings and increased total sleep time in short-term insomnia |
| B | 62 | Pyridostigmine bromide (prescription reversible cholinesterase inhibitor; Mestinon) | Symptomatic relief of fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigability in myasthenia gravis |
| B | 62 | Zaleplon (nonbenzodiazepine Z-drug; controlled prescription medicine; Zaledip) | Short-term reduction in objective sleep-onset latency in adults with sleep-onset insomnia |
| B | 62 | Brinzolamide 1% (topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ophthalmic prescription medicine) | Lower intraocular pressure in open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension |
| B | 62 | Ropinirole hydrochloride (prescription non-ergot D2/D3 dopamine agonist; Requip) | Short-term improvement of nighttime symptoms, sleep, and quality of life in moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome |
| B | 62 | Home INR self-testing (weekly point-of-care testing by warfarin users) | Reduction of stroke, major bleeding, and death versus clinic testing |
| B | 62 | Carpal tunnel release by division of the transverse carpal ligament | Long-term improvement in carpal tunnel symptoms and function |
| B | 61 | Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) | stress and anxiety relief |
| B | 61 | Lemon verbena extract (Aloysia citrodora) | Improvement of sleep quality and stress |
| B | 61 | Glycerol supplement (glycerol, GlycerPump) | Fluid retention during exercise and improved endurance |
| B | 61 | Tianeptine (Stiarone, prescription antidepressant) | Improvement in depressive symptoms, response, and remission in major depressive disorder |
| B | 61 | Pseudoephedrine (oral decongestant, Sudafed, nonprescription or controlled-sale medicine) | Relief of nasal congestion from the common cold or allergic rhinitis |
| B | 60 | Vitamin A (retinol/beta-carotene) | Eye health, night blindness, skin, and immunity |
| B | 60 | Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) | PMS (premenstrual syndrome) and morning sickness |
| B | 60 | Inulin (chicory-derived/chicory root) | Gut health, bowel movements, and blood glucose |
| B | 60 | Zinc | Acne and skin |
| B | 60 | Maqui berry extract (Aristotelia chilensis) | Improvement in dry eye and tear production |
| B | 60 | Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) | Reduction of common-cold symptoms and duration |
| B | 60 | Lactotripeptides IPP and VPP | Blood-pressure reduction in mild hypertension |
| B | 60 | Creatine monohydrate, cognition axis | Improved memory and reasoning during sleep deprivation and in vegetarians |
| B | 60 | Micronized purified flavonoid fraction containing diosmin and hesperidin | Relief of bleeding, itching, swelling, and other symptoms of acute hemorrhoids |
| B | 60 | Duloxetine (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Cymbalta, prescription drug) | Improvement of symptoms and induction of remission in adult major depressive disorder |
| B | 60 | Bismuth subsalicylate (nonprescription medicine) | Reduced stool frequency and duration in acute nonbloody, nonbacterial diarrhea |
| B | 60 | Estazolam is a benzodiazepine hypnotic and sedative available by prescription and controlled as a psychotropic medicine. | The claim is short-term improvement in sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep duration in adults with insomnia. |
| B | 60 | Brotizolam 0.25 mg, a controlled prescription thienotriazolodiazepine hypnotic and sedative | Short-term reduction of sleep-onset time and nighttime awakenings and increased sleep duration in adults with severe insomnia |
| B | 60 | Brolucizumab (anti-VEGF-A single-chain antibody fragment, Beovu, prescription intravitreal injection) | Improved vision and prevention of vision loss in neovascular age-related macular degeneration |
C Grade C · 1174 · The evidence is mixed or limited.
| C | 59 | Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) | Adjunctive support for intraocular pressure and glaucoma |
| C | 59 | Psyllium husk | Improvement of postprandial glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 59 | Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | Improvement in liver histology in patients with MASH or NASH without diabetes or cirrhosis |
| C | 59 | Pioglitazone (Actos, a thiazolidinedione) | MASH/NASH resolution and improvement in liver fibrosis and histology |
| C | 59 | Low-dose atropine 0.05% (prescription ophthalmic drops) | Slowed childhood myopia progression and axial elongation |
| C | 59 | Ritlecitinib (a prescription JAK3/TEC inhibitor marketed as Litfulo) | Scalp hair regrowth in adults and adolescents with severe alopecia areata |
| C | 59 | Lubiprostone (prescription chloride-channel activator; Amitiza) | Improvement of spontaneous and complete bowel movements in adults with chronic idiopathic constipation |
| C | 59 | Remdesivir (RNA-polymerase-inhibiting antiviral, Veklury, prescription) | Prevention of hospitalization and death in high-risk nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19 |
| C | 59 | Tirzepatide (a prescription injectable dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist; Mounjaro) | Reduced glycated hemoglobin and body weight in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin |
| C | 59 | Acetaminophen or paracetamol (nonopioid analgesic, nonprescription drug; Tylenol) | Pain freedom within two hours during an acute episodic tension-type headache |
| C | 59 | Tirzepatide, a prescription injectable dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist | Reduction of the apnea-hypopnea index and hypoxic burden in adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 59 | Insulin aspart (rapid-acting insulin analogue; prescription injection, NovoRapid/NovoLog) | Improved postprandial glucose and HbA1c as mealtime insulin in type 1 diabetes |
| C | 59 | Fidaxomicin (narrow-spectrum macrocyclic antibiotic, Dificid, prescription drug) | Clinical cure of Clostridioides difficile infection and reduced post-treatment recurrence |
| C | 59 | Acarbose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Glucobay, prescription medicine) | Delay or prevention of type 2 diabetes onset in adults with impaired glucose tolerance |
| C | 59 | SER-109 or Vowst (fecal microbiota spores, live-brpk oral spore capsules) | Prevention of recurrent C. difficile infection after antibacterial treatment |
| C | 59 | Vitamin A (retinol or retinyl palmitate, fat-soluble vitamin, supplement and high-dose public-health preparation) | Reduced mortality among children aged 6–59 months where vitamin A deficiency is a public-health problem |
| C | 59 | Vaginal micronized progesterone (prescription progestogen; preterm-birth prevention may be off-label in Korea) | Prevention of spontaneous birth before 34 weeks in mid-trimester singleton pregnancy with a short cervix |
| C | 59 | Retatrutide (an investigational once-weekly subcutaneous GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon triple-receptor agonist) | Substantial weight loss in adults with obesity |
| C | 59 | Semaglutide 2.4 mg as a once-weekly prescription subcutaneous injection | Improved pain and physical function in moderate knee osteoarthritis with obesity |
| C | 59 | Oveporexton (TAK-861), an investigational oral selective orexin-2 receptor agonist | Reduced excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in narcolepsy type 1 |
| C | 59 | Xanomeline–trospium (Cobenfy oral capsules) | Reduction of positive and negative symptoms during acute exacerbation of schizophrenia |
| C | 59 | Baxdrostat (oral aldosterone synthase inhibitor) | Reduced systolic blood pressure in uncontrolled or resistant hypertension |
| C | 59 | OnabotulinumtoxinA intradermal injections into the axillae | Reduction of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis and daily-life impairment |
| C | 59 | OnabotulinumtoxinA intradetrusor injection (BOTOX, prescription procedure) | Reduction of urgency urinary incontinence in refractory overactive bladder |
| C | 58 | Folate/folic acid (vitamin B9) | Compound claims for anemia, pregnancy, and cardiovascular health |
| C | 58 | Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa/roselle) | Blood pressure |
| C | 58 | Lavender oil (Silexan) | Anxiety |
| C | 58 | Chasteberry (Vitex agnus-castus/chasteberry) | PMS and premenstrual syndrome |
| C | 58 | Olive leaf extract | Improvement in blood pressure |
| C | 58 | Siberian rhubarb extract (ERr 731) | Relief of menopausal hot flashes and symptoms |
| C | 58 | Blueberry concentrate | Improved memory and cognitive function |
| C | 58 | Okra extract (Abelmoschus esculentus) | Improvement in postprandial glucose and HbA1c |
| C | 58 | Tisochrysis lutea powder | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear secretion |
| C | 58 | D-allulose (D-psicose) | Attenuation of postprandial glucose rise |
| C | 58 | Acacia fiber, gum arabic, including Fibregum® | Bowel-movement frequency, stool characteristics, and beneficial gut bacteria |
| C | 58 | L-arginine | Improvement of mild to moderate erectile dysfunction |
| C | 58 | Horse chestnut seed extract standardized to aescin | Relief of leg pain, edema, and heaviness in chronic venous insufficiency |
| C | 58 | Soy protein and isolated soy protein | Reduction in LDL cholesterol |
| C | 58 | Trehalose ophthalmic solution (cytoprotective artificial tear) | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear-film stability |
| C | 58 | Diquafosol sodium ophthalmic solution (Diquas, prescription medicine) | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms by increasing fluid and mucin secretion |
| C | 58 | Lecanemab (anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody, Leqembi, prescription) | Slowing cognitive and functional decline in amyloid-confirmed early Alzheimer's disease |
| C | 58 | 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20, Prevnar 20, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia caused by vaccine serotypes |
| C | 58 | Enavogliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor, Envlo, Korean-developed prescription drug) | Improved HbA1c and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 58 | Vaginal estriol (Ovestin vaginal suppository, prescription local estrogen) | Relief of vaginal dryness, pain, and dyspareunia in genitourinary syndrome of menopause |
| C | 58 | Mirodenafil (PDE5 inhibitor, Mvix, Korean prescription medicine) | Improvement of IIEF, erectile function, and intercourse success in men with erectile dysfunction |
| C | 58 | Udenafil (prescription PDE5 inhibitor; Zydena, developed in South Korea) | Improvement of erectile function and intercourse success in erectile dysfunction |
| C | 58 | Potassium nitrate toothpaste (toothpaste for sensitive teeth, nonprescription product) | Pain relief for dentin hypersensitivity |
| C | 58 | Entecavir (nucleoside-analogue antiviral, Baraclude, prescription) | Prevention of cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver-related death in chronic hepatitis B |
| C | 58 | Resmetirom (a prescription thyroid hormone receptor-beta agonist, marketed as Rezdiffra) | MASH resolution and at least one-stage fibrosis improvement in noncirrhotic MASH with F2 to F3 fibrosis |
| C | 58 | Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF, prescription nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitor antiviral) | Viral suppression noninferior to TDF with better renal and bone safety in chronic hepatitis B |
| C | 58 | Magnesium (essential mineral supplement; blood-pressure efficacy axis) | Reduced blood pressure in adults with hypertension or borderline hypertension |
| C | 58 | Peginterferon alfa-2a (prescription injectable pegylated-interferon antiviral biologic; Pegasys) | Sustained viral suppression and HBeAg seroconversion after a finite 48-week course in selected patients with chronic hepatitis B |
| C | 58 | Gliclazide modified release (second-generation sulfonylurea oral prescription glucose-lowering medicine; Diamicron MR) | Lower HbA1c in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes |
| C | 58 | Semaglutide 2.4 mg (prescription injectable GLP-1 receptor agonist; Wegovy) | Resolution of steatohepatitis and improvement of liver fibrosis by at least one stage in F2-F3 MASH |
| C | 58 | Finasteride 5 mg (a 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor, Proscar, prescription medicine; cancer prevention is unapproved) | Reduced prostate-cancer diagnoses in men aged 55 years or older |
| C | 58 | Gemigliptin (prescription oral DPP-4 inhibitor, marketed as Zemiglo) | Reduction of HbA1c and fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 58 | Insulin icodec (ultra-long-acting basal insulin, Awiqli, prescription injection) | Once-weekly dosing provides HbA1c control at least as good as once-daily glargine in insulin-naive type 2 diabetes |
| C | 58 | Psilocybin 25 mg (single oral investigational dose administered with psychological support) | Rapid reduction in depression symptom scores in moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder |
| C | 58 | Cagrilintide (long-acting amylin analogue, once-weekly subcutaneous investigational injection) | Long-term weight reduction in adults with overweight or obesity and without diabetes |
| C | 58 | Cenobamate (antiseizure medicine; Xcopri; prescription medicine) | Complete seizure freedom as adjunctive therapy for focal seizures uncontrolled by existing medicines in adults |
| C | 58 | Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I; sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring; clinician-delivered or digital therapy) | Improvement in sleep onset, nighttime awakenings, sleep efficiency, and insomnia severity in adults with chronic insomnia |
| C | 58 | Silver-containing surgical dressing (antimicrobial wound-covering medical device) | Prevention of surgical-site infection in closed surgical wounds |
| C | 58 | Postnatal breastfeeding counselling and support (professional or peer support program) | Improved continuation of any and exclusive breastfeeding at six months |
| C | 58 | Low-FODMAP diet (restriction followed by staged reintroduction and personalization) | Relief of abdominal pain, bloating, and global symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome |
| C | 58 | Rifaximin 550 mg (oral) | Relief of global symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome without predominant constipation |
| C | 58 | Topical ruxolitinib 1.5% cream, a prescription JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor | Facial repigmentation in nonsegmental vitiligo |
| C | 58 | Telmisartan, a prescription angiotensin II receptor blocker | Prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in high-risk patients |
| C | 58 | Fexofenadine, a second-generation minimally sedating H1 antihistamine | Reduction of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| C | 58 | Gabapentin, a prescription antiseizure and neuropathic-pain medicine | Reduction of persistent pain from postherpetic neuralgia |
| C | 58 | Duloxetine (prescription serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) | Relief of widespread pain and patient-perceived symptoms in fibromyalgia |
| C | 58 | Tai chi exercise intervention | Improved pain and function in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 58 | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
| C | 58 | Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody; prescription injection) | Increased food-protein dose tolerated without dose-limiting symptoms in multiple food allergy |
| C | 57 | Chamomile (chamomile, Matricaria recutita/chamomilla) | Anxiety and sleep |
| C | 57 | Sage extract (Salvia officinalis/lavandulifolia) | Improvement of memory and attention |
| C | 57 | Stinging nettle root extract | Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| C | 57 | Grape-skin enzymatic fermented extract (KL-GEFE) | Improvement of dry eye and tear-film measures |
| C | 57 | AB-LIFE probiotic blend | Improved LDL and total cholesterol |
| C | 57 | Red ginseng oil KGC11o | Improved prostate health, nocturia, and urinary symptoms |
| C | 57 | Ginger root powder or extract from Zingiber officinale | Pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea |
| C | 57 | American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) | Improvement of cancer-related fatigue in patients and survivors |
| C | 57 | Rebamipide eye drops (Rebaeye, prescription) | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and corneoconjunctival epithelial damage by promoting mucin secretion |
| C | 57 | Ramelteon, an MT1 and MT2 melatonin-receptor agonist and prescription hypnotic marketed as Rozerem | Reduction of objective sleep-onset latency in chronic sleep-onset insomnia |
| C | 57 | Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (systemic glucocorticoid; prescription intravenous injection) | Reduced 28-day all-cause mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring intensive care |
| C | 57 | Vonoprazan (potassium-competitive acid blocker; Voquezna or Takecab; prescription medicine) | Endoscopic healing and maintenance of healing in erosive esophagitis |
| C | 56 | Citrulline (L-citrulline, citrulline malate/malate) | Exercise performance and blood-flow/nitric-oxide-related support |
| C | 56 | Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum/Reishi; beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan and polysaccharides) | Immune function |
| C | 56 | Colostrum (mainly bovine colostrum) | immunity and gut |
| C | 56 | NAC (N-acetylcysteine) | liver, respiratory health, and antioxidant effects |
| C | 56 | Inositol (myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol) | PCOS, mood, and blood glucose |
| C | 56 | Grape seed extract (proanthocyanidins/OPC) | Antioxidant, vascular, and edema effects |
| C | 56 | Yeast/mushroom beta-glucan | Immunity |
| C | 56 | Centella asiatica extract powder | Maintenance of macular pigment density and eye health |
| C | 56 | Heukharang lettuce extract (Lactuca sativa) | Improved sleep quality and sleep onset |
| C | 56 | Low-molecular-weight yeast hydrolysate | Appetite suppression and body-fat reduction |
| C | 56 | Butcher's broom root extract (Ruscus aculeatus) | Relief of leg edema, heaviness, and tension in chronic venous insufficiency |
| C | 56 | Ivy gourd leaf extract (Coccinia indica, Coccinia cordifolia, Coccinia grandis) | Improved fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes or prediabetes |
| C | 56 | Doxylamine succinate (nonprescription sleep aid) | Improved sleep onset and maintenance in occasional insomnia |
| C | 56 | Drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol 24/4 combination (Yaz, prescription) | Improvement in emotional and physical symptoms and daily functioning in premenstrual dysphoric disorder |
| C | 56 | Glimepiride (second-generation sulfonylurea; prescription oral glucose-lowering drug marketed as Amaryl) | Reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with diet and exercise |
| C | 56 | Pilocarpine hydrochloride 1.25% ophthalmic solution (muscarinic agonist, VUITY, prescription eye drops) | Improved near vision for several hours after dosing in adults with presbyopia |
| C | 56 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP, a positive-airway-pressure device used during sleep) | Reduced 24-hour blood pressure in resistant hypertension with obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 56 | Methenamine hippurate (non-antibiotic urinary antiseptic) | Noninferior prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in women versus antibiotic prophylaxis |
| C | 56 | Deucravacitinib (prescription selective TYK2 inhibitor) | Clinical clearance or improvement of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis lesions |
| C | 56 | Intra-articular corticosteroid injection | Short-term improvement in pain and shoulder function in adhesive capsulitis |
| C | 56 | Home narrowband UV-B phototherapy (prescription phototherapy device) | Control of psoriasis lesions and improvement of dermatology-related quality of life |
| C | 56 | Vaginal estrogen (local prescription estriol or estradiol cream or ring) | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection after menopause |
| C | 56 | Apremilast (oral prescription phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor; Otezla) | PASI 75 and static Physician Global Assessment improvement in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis |
| C | 56 | Septoplasty, with turbinate surgery when indicated | Improved patient-reported symptoms and quality of life in nasal obstruction caused by a deviated septum |
| C | 56 | Listening to prerecorded music at bedtime | Improved patient-reported sleep quality in adults with insomnia symptoms |
| C | 56 | Saline nasal irrigation, isotonic or hypertonic | Relief of rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, and obstruction in allergic rhinitis |
| C | 56 | Bright light therapy delivered by a light box | Improved depressive symptoms and remission in winter seasonal affective disorder |
| C | 56 | Tai chi, a low-intensity mind-body exercise intervention | Improvement in fibromyalgia symptom burden, pain, fatigue, sleep, and function |
| C | 56 | Acupuncture, primarily manual needle acupuncture | Clinically meaningful improvement in pain and physical function from knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 56 | Habitual whole-natto intake | Lower cardiovascular mortality |
| C | 56 | Tofu at least once weekly | Lower incidence of coronary heart disease |
| C | 56 | Soy foods after breast-cancer diagnosis | Lower breast-cancer recurrence and mortality |
| C | 56 | Wholegrain intake | Lower all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Increased brewed coffee intake | Prevention of incident type 2 diabetes |
| C | 56 | Habitual intake of edible mushrooms without a specified species | Prevention of incident dementia over long-term follow-up |
| C | 56 | Habitual edible mushroom intake without specified species or amount | Prevention of incident prostate cancer |
| C | 56 | Tuna, tuna salad or casserole, and other broiled or baked fish | Reduced incidence of heart failure in older adults |
| C | 56 | A spicy-food pattern including fresh chili, dried chili, chili sauce, chili oil, and other or unspecified forms | Lower all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Processed meat such as bacon, ham, and sausage, per 50 g/day increment | Increased colorectal cancer incidence |
| C | 56 | Unprocessed beef, pork, and lamb analyzed separately from processed meat | Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes |
| C | 56 | Isocaloric replacement of one serving/day of red meat with one serving/day of nuts, legumes, and soy | Reduced coronary heart disease incidence |
| C | 56 | Sugar-sweetened beverages such as sodas and fruit drinks containing added sugar | Increased all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Combined intake of instant ramen, wheat noodles, udon, jajangmyeon, jjamppong, naengmyeon, and buckwheat noodles | Increased incidence of hypertension |
| C | 56 | Total intake of ultra-processed foods under the NOVA classification | Increased all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Frequency of fried-food intake | Increased heart-failure incidence |
| C | 56 | Grilled or barbecued red meat | Increased colorectal-cancer incidence |
| C | 56 | Vegetarian dietary pattern | Reduced all-cause mortality versus nonvegetarian eating |
| C | 56 | TOHP dietary sodium-reduction intervention | Reduced long-term cardiovascular events |
| C | 56 | Domestic water hardness of 121-180 mg/L as CaCO3 | Lower incidence of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke |
| C | 56 | Red wine 150 mL/day at 14.2%, about 16.9 g of pure alcohol | Lower all-cause mortality and longer life |
| C | 56 | Drinking coffee, 2 to 5 cups/day, caffeinated and decaffeinated, brewing method unknown | Reduced all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Caffeinated coffee, at least four 150-mL cups/day, at least 600 mL | Prevention of incident clinical depression |
| C | 56 | Caffeinated coffee at two to four or more cups daily, with cup volume unreported | Prevention of symptomatic gallstone disease and cholecystectomy |
| C | 56 | A 0-to-32 organic-diet score derived from self-reported frequency across 16 food groups | Reduced incidence of cancer |
| C | 56 | At least 2.3 daily servings of produce classified as high-residue using US surveillance data | Lower clinical-pregnancy and live-birth success per assisted-reproduction cycle |
| C | 56 | Childhood consumption of unpasteurized raw farm milk | Prevention of childhood asthma and allergic disease |
| C | 56 | Plastic contact from food and kitchenware with internal phthalate and bisphenol exposure | Reduced clinical pregnancy and live birth after in vitro fertilization |
| C | 56 | Self-rated brisk or fast walking | Lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality than self-rated slow walking |
| C | 56 | Climbing roughly 6 to 20 flights of stairs per day | Lower first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events |
| C | 56 | Muscle-strengthening exercise once or twice weekly or about 30 to 60 minutes per week | Lower all-cause mortality independent of aerobic exercise |
| C | 56 | Sleep-wake regularity measured by seven days of wrist accelerometry | Reduced all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Long-term fine-particulate exposure estimated from fixed monitoring networks | Higher all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Ten-year moving-average PM2.5 exposure assigned to residential addresses | Higher incidence of dementia |
| C | 56 | Prenatal and childhood PM2.5 exposure assigned to birth and residential addresses | Higher incidence of childhood asthma |
| C | 56 | Persistent household gas-stove use | Increased new or persistent asthma in children and adolescents |
| C | 56 | Habitual exercise while living under long-term fine-particle pollution | Preserved association with lower natural-cause mortality in high-pollution areas |
| C | 56 | Observed social isolation level combining living arrangements, family and friend contact, and social participation | Higher all-cause mortality hazard |
| C | 56 | Satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index within 250 meters of residence | Lower hazard of nonaccidental all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Periodontitis and tooth-loss status measured by clinical periodontal examination | Increased incidence of dementia |
| C | 56 | Periodontitis confirmed by baseline clinical periodontal examination | Long-term association with all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Stepwise heated egg powder, 50 mg daily at six to nine months then 250 mg daily to 12 months, alongside aggressive eczema treatment | Prevention of egg allergy confirmed by oral food challenge at 12 months |
| C | 56 | Traditional tight swaddling with the legs extended and adducted for at least 20 hours daily for one month | Increased developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants with physiologically immature hips |
| C | 56 | Working at least 55 hours per week, mainly self-reported once at baseline, versus 35 to 40 hours | Increased incidence of first stroke |
| C | 56 | Habitual cycle commuting | Reduced incidence of newly diagnosed cancer |
| C | 56 | Habitual hot-water tub bathing | Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease |
| C | 56 | Artificial light during sleep from a room light or a television left on | Increased risk of gaining at least 5 kg and developing overweight or obesity |
| C | 56 | Back blows and abdominal thrusts for adult foreign-body airway obstruction | Favorable neurological outcome at 30 days |
| C | 56 | Tattooing | Higher incidence of skin cancer |
| C | 56 | Completing a prescribed three-day amoxicillin course for uncomplicated pediatric community-acquired pneumonia | Noninferior treatment failure or antibiotic retreatment versus completing seven days |
| C | 56 | Alcohol consumption during regular aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use | Increased major upper gastrointestinal bleeding requiring hospitalization or transfusion |
| C | 56 | Oral-anticoagulant prescription coverage of 80% or less during the first 180 days | Increased ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation |
| C | 56 | Multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium-prevention care bundle | Reduction of incident delirium among adults hospitalized outside intensive care |
| C | 56 | Inpatient comprehensive geriatric assessment centered on dedicated geriatric wards | Higher probability of being alive and living at home three to twelve months after admission |
| C | 56 | Nurse-led hospital-to-home transitional-care bundles | Reduced heart-failure-specific readmission within six months after discharge |
| C | 56 | Tirzepatide | Noninferiority to dulaglutide for major cardiovascular events |
| C | 56 | Calcium-only supplement | Increased myocardial-infarction risk |
| C | 56 | Oral contraceptives | Reduced ovarian-cancer incidence |
| C | 56 | Levonorgestrel 52 mg intrauterine device | Emergency contraception within five days after unprotected intercourse |
| C | 56 | Self-reported green tea consumption | Reduction in all-cause mortality |
| C | 56 | Total physical activity measured once by seven-day wrist accelerometry | Lower incidence of dementia |
| C | 56 | Cefazolin 2 g intravenously 20-30 minutes before cesarean skin incision | Prevention of maternal infection versus the same antibiotic after cord clamping |
| C | 56 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| C | 56 | Shift and night work | Higher incidence of dementia |
| C | 56 | Occupational disinfectant exposure | Higher incidence of COPD |
| C | 56 | Sugar-sweetened beverages | Higher incidence of liver cancer |
| C | 56 | House-dust-mite-impermeable encasings for mattress, duvet, and pillow | Reduced emergency-department attendance or admission for exacerbation in mite-sensitized children with asthma |
| C | 56 | Hospital-issued socks with rubber or synthetic slip-resistant tread | Reduced inpatient falls |
| C | 56 | Going barefoot or wearing ordinary socks or stockings without shoes | Increased falls during everyday activity and indoor walking in older adults |
| C | 56 | Pacifier use | More acute and recurrent acute otitis media in young children |
| C | 56 | Use of hair straighteners, relaxers, or pressing products | Associated with increased incidence of uterine cancer |
| C | 56 | A structured problem-solving intervention delivered by occupational-health consultants with the employee and manager | Reduced registered sickness-absence days among workers with occupational stress or common mental disorders |
| C | 56 | Long-haul air travel lasting at least 4 hours | Association with increased symptomatic venous thromboembolism within 8 weeks |
| C | 56 | A wide desk-mounted forearm-support board for computer work | Reduced incidence of new neck and shoulder musculoskeletal disorders |
| C | 56 | Supervised twice-daily soap handwashing campaign at school | Reduced laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated absence |
| C | 56 | Organized outreach that directly mails FIT kits to adults overdue for screening and reminds nonreturners | Increased completion of colorectal cancer screening within a defined period |
| C | 56 | Seasonal influenza vaccination programs for care-home staff | Reduced all-cause mortality among residents during influenza activity |
| C | 56 | Titrated oxygen targeting SpO2 88% to 92% during ambulance transport for suspected acute COPD exacerbation | Reduced prehospital or in-hospital mortality versus routine high-flow oxygen |
| C | 56 | Brief universal postpartum nurse home visiting with linkage to community resources | Reduced emergency-department visits and hospital overnights during infancy |
| C | 56 | Two months of clinician-delivered CBT-I for adults aged 60 or older with insomnia and no current major depression | Prevention of incident and recurrent major depressive disorder over three years |
| C | 56 | Air, viscous-fluid, or gel-and-foam skin-protection cushions installed in fitted wheelchairs | Prevention of six-month ischial pressure ulcers versus segmented foam in high-risk nursing-home residents |
| C | 56 | Shoe-mounted coil ice cleats (Yaktrax Walker) plus use instruction | Fewer winter outdoor falls in fall-prone older adults |
| C | 56 | The five-session universal school programme Youth Aware of Mental Health (YAM) | Fewer suicide attempts over 12 months in adolescents |
| C | 56 | Oral cryotherapy during conditioning-drug infusion before allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation | Reduced WHO grade 3-4 severe oral mucositis |
| C | 56 | A standardized fracture liaison service that systematically identifies patients aged 50 or older and links assessment, treatment, and fall prevention | Reduced subsequent distal-forearm, proximal-humerus, or hip fragility fractures |
| C | 56 | Daily continuous low-dose antibiotic prophylaxis during clean intermittent self-catheterisation | Reduction in recurrent symptomatic, antibiotic-treated urinary tract infections over 12 months |
| C | 56 | Six-monthly alpha-fetoprotein testing plus liver ultrasonography surveillance in adults at high risk from hepatitis B or chronic hepatitis | Reduced hepatocellular-carcinoma mortality |
| C | 56 | A 12-gene pharmacogenetic panel linked to genotype-guided prescribing | Reduction of causal, clinically relevant adverse drug reactions within 12 weeks of starting a new drug |
| C | 56 | The exact synbiotic combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 202195 plus fructooligosaccharide | Reduced sepsis or death by 60 days in healthy, relatively mature rural newborns |
| C | 56 | Four-month rifapentine–moxifloxacin regimen | Noninferior treatment shortened by two months versus the standard six-month regimen for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis |
| C | 56 | Empirical beta-lactam monotherapy strategy | Noninferior 90-day mortality versus combination antibiotic strategies in adults hospitalized outside the ICU with community-acquired pneumonia |
| C | 56 | Adjuvant radiotherapy, 26 Gy in five fractions over one week after surgery | Noninferior prevention of five-year ipsilateral breast tumor relapse versus 40 Gy in 15 fractions over three weeks |
| C | 56 | Direct mailing of HPV self-sampling kits | Increased six-month cervical screening completion among adults who were overdue or long-term non-attenders |
| C | 56 | Expectant management instead of early ibuprofen | Death, necrotizing enterocolitis, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm PDA |
| C | 56 | Seven-day intravenous antibiotics | Noninferiority to 14 days for 21-day relapse after clinical remission of culture-proven neonatal sepsis |
| C | 56 | UV-C terminal-room disinfection added to standard cleaning | Reduced first target-organism clinical-culture or test positivity in the next room occupant |
| C | 56 | Risk-based breast cancer screening | Noninferior stage IIB or higher breast cancer versus annual screening |
| C | 55 | Lactium (milk protein hydrolysate, alpha-s1-casein-derived) | sleep and stress relief |
| C | 55 | Octacosanol | fatigue and endurance |
| C | 55 | Zinc | immunity and common cold |
| C | 55 | Vitamin K2 (MK-7, menaquinone-7) | Bone health and vascular calcification/calcium metabolism |
| C | 55 | Garlic (including allicin and aged garlic extract) | Blood pressure and cholesterol |
| C | 55 | Lion's mane mushroom (Lion's mane, Hericium erinaceus) | cognition, memory, and nerves |
| C | 55 | Astaxanthin (astaxanthin, Haematococcus extract) | eye fatigue, skin health, and antioxidant effects |
| C | 55 | Lactoferrin | Immune function, iron, and gut health |
| C | 55 | Hovenia dulcis fruit extract (HDE; hovenic acid) | Liver health and hangover |
| C | 55 | Artichoke leaf extract | Cholesterol, digestion, and liver |
| C | 55 | Resistant maltodextrin (resistant maltodextrin/resistant dextrin) | Postprandial blood glucose, bowel movements, and triglycerides |
| C | 55 | Mulberry leaf extract (DNJ/1-deoxynojirimycin) | Postprandial blood glucose |
| C | 55 | Huperzine A (derived from club moss) | Memory and cognition |
| C | 55 | Partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) | Gut health, bowel movements, IBS |
| C | 55 | Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) | Improvement of constipation and stool frequency, and increased bifidobacteria |
| C | 55 | Rye grass pollen extract (Cernilton) | Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| C | 55 | PeakATP (oral adenosine triphosphate) | Improved strength and exercise performance |
| C | 55 | Touchi extract (fermented soybean extract) | Suppression of postprandial blood glucose elevation |
| C | 55 | Moro blood orange extract (Morosil®) | Reduction of abdominal fat, waist circumference, and body weight |
| C | 55 | Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 | Bowel regularity and constipation improvement |
| C | 55 | PMO wheat albumin | Delayed carbohydrate absorption and reduced postprandial glucose rise |
| C | 55 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum C29-fermented soybean complex (DW2009) | Improvement of memory and attention in mild cognitive impairment |
| C | 55 | Magnesium | Prevention of migraine attacks and reduction in frequency |
| C | 55 | Coenzyme Q10, migraine-efficacy axis | Reduction in migraine-attack frequency and duration in adults |
| C | 55 | Green kiwifruit powder (Actazin) | Improvement in bowel frequency, stool form, and abdominal discomfort in functional constipation |
| C | 55 | L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) | Improvement of cirrhotic hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia |
| C | 55 | Almond (Prunus dulcis) | Lower LDL cholesterol and reduced heart-disease risk |
| C | 55 | Inclisiran (PCSK9-synthesis-inhibiting siRNA, Leqvio, prescription) | Approximately 50% lower LDL-C leading to fewer myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes |
| C | 55 | Sodium hyaluronate ophthalmic solution (artificial tears) | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear-film stability |
| C | 55 | MCT oil (medium-chain triglycerides C8 and C10, supplement) | Small reductions in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference when replacing long-chain fat |
| C | 55 | Linagliptin (prescription DPP-4 inhibitor; Tradjenta) | Lower 24-week HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose in adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes |
| C | 55 | Gabapentin (an alpha-2-delta ligand gabapentinoid; prescription Neurontin; off label for RLS) | Relief of nocturnal leg discomfort, periodic movements, and sleep disturbance in adults with restless legs syndrome |
| C | 55 | Extended-release fampridine or dalfampridine (prescription potassium-channel blocker for walking impairment) | Improved walking speed and ability in a subset of people with multiple sclerosis |
| C | 55 | White-noise machine or app (non-drug acoustic-masking sleep product) | Improved sleep onset and subjective sleep quality in adults and older adults |
| C | 55 | Mavacamten (cardiac myosin inhibitor, Camzyos, prescription drug) | Improved exercise capacity, dyspnea, and NYHA functional class in symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| C | 55 | Teplizumab-mzwv (anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, TZIELD, prescription infusion) | Delay of progression from high-risk stage 2 to clinical stage 3 type 1 diabetes |
| C | 55 | FIFA 11+ (combined neuromuscular, balance, and strength warm-up; nonpharmacologic exercise intervention) | Prevention of lower-extremity and severe sports injuries in youth and amateur football players |
| C | 55 | Desmopressin orally disintegrating tablet (prescription vasopressin V2-receptor analog; Nocdurna) | Reduced nocturnal voids and longer sleep until first void in adult men with confirmed nocturnal polyuria |
| C | 55 | Itraconazole (systemic triazole antifungal, Sporanox, oral prescription drug) | Mycological and clinical complete cure of dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis |
| C | 55 | Bezafibrate (an oral prescription fibrate and pan-PPAR agonist; off-label for PBC) | Improved complete biochemical response and pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis with inadequate UDCA response |
| C | 55 | Vegetables/protein-first, carbohydrates-last meal order (non-drug dietary intervention) | Blunting post-meal glucose and insulin surges in adults with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes |
| C | 55 | Intravesical gemcitabine (prescription instillation) | Prevention of tumor recurrence over four years with one immediate post-TURBT instillation in low-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer |
| C | 55 | Home long-term noninvasive ventilation (home NIV or BiPAP, a prescribed positive-pressure respiratory-support device) | Delayed readmission or death in patients with persistent hypercapnia after an acute COPD exacerbation |
| C | 55 | Balance and functional exercise for older adults (community exercise program) | Prevention of fall-related fractures in community-dwelling older adults |
| C | 55 | Repeated low-level red-light therapy (RLRL, desktop ophthalmic light-treatment device) | Slowed axial elongation and refractive progression in children with myopia |
| C | 55 | Oral tranexamic acid 250 mg as a prescription tablet | Reduced facial pigmentation and MASI severity in adults with melasma |
| C | 55 | Orforglipron (oral nonpeptide GLP-1 receptor agonist tablet) | Reduction of glycated hemoglobin in early type 2 diabetes |
| C | 55 | OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox; prescription injection) | Reduced monthly headache days in adults with chronic migraine |
| C | 55 | OnabotulinumtoxinA injections into the glabellar muscles | Temporary appearance improvement of moderate or severe glabellar expression lines |
| C | 55 | Continuous glucose monitoring for type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin | Improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin |
| C | 55 | High-add multifocal soft contact lenses (peripheral-add optical lenses with +2.50 D add power) | Slowed refractive progression and axial elongation in childhood myopia |
| C | 55 | Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; noninvasive low-intensity direct-current brain stimulation through scalp electrodes) | Reduced depressive symptoms and increased response or remission in major depressive disorder |
| C | 55 | Renal denervation (catheter-based ablation of sympathetic nerves around the renal arteries) | Blood-pressure reduction in hypertension uncontrolled by medication |
| C | 54 | Red ginseng (ginsenosides) | immune enhancement |
| C | 54 | Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) | cardiovascular and blood-flow improvement |
| C | 54 | Flaxseed (lignans, flaxseed) | menopausal symptoms (hot flashes/night sweats), gut health (constipation/bowel movements), cholesterol (LDL/total cholesterol) |
| C | 54 | HMB (beta-hydroxy beta-methylbutyrate) | Muscle mass, strength, and sarcopenia (older adults) |
| C | 54 | Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) | Stress, anxiety, and sleep |
| C | 54 | Rosehip (Rosa canina) | Joints (osteoarthritis) and antioxidant |
| C | 54 | Quisqualis fruit extract powder (Combretum indicum) | Prostate health and improved urinary symptoms |
| C | 54 | Chrysanthemum zawadskii extract (GCWB106) | Joint and cartilage health and improvement of knee pain |
| C | 54 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HAC01 | Reduced postprandial glucose rise in adults with prediabetes |
| C | 54 | Hydrangea serrata leaf extract (ReSeringe) | Reduced body fat and abdominal fat |
| C | 54 | Saffron extract | Visual function and contrast sensitivity in age-related macular degeneration |
| C | 54 | S-equol, a soy-derived fermentation metabolite | Relief of menopausal hot flashes, sleep disturbance, and muscle pain |
| C | 54 | Alpha-galactosidase | Reduction of gas and bloating after beans or high-FODMAP meals |
| C | 54 | Weissella cibaria CMU (OraCMU) | Improvement of gingivitis and gum bleeding |
| C | 54 | Micellar casein | Overnight muscle protein synthesis, recovery, and muscle growth from pre-sleep intake |
| C | 54 | Acarbose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Glucobay, prescription medicine) | Reduced postprandial glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) |
| C | 54 | Carboxymethylcellulose sodium eye drops (CMC, Refresh, nonprescription) | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms, irritation, and tear-film instability |
| C | 54 | Hydroxyapatite toothpaste (fluoride-alternative remineralizing toothpaste, general use) | Enamel remineralization without fluoride and caries prevention comparable to fluoride toothpaste |
| C | 54 | Azelaic acid (topical acne medicine, nonprescription and prescription product) | Reduction of inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions in mild-to-moderate acne |
| C | 54 | Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine; medical nutrition and supplements) | Improvement of consciousness and neuropsychiatric symptoms in cirrhosis-related hepatic encephalopathy |
| C | 54 | Cold-water immersion (CWI; a nonpharmacologic exercise-recovery method) | Improved delayed-onset muscle soreness and subjective recovery 24 to 96 hours after high-intensity exercise |
| C | 54 | Seladelpar (selective PPAR-delta agonist, Livdelzi, prescription drug) | Improved ALP-bilirubin biochemical response and pruritus in primary biliary cholangitis with inadequate UDCA response |
| C | 54 | Blood flow restriction training (BFR/KAATSU, low-load exercise with compression cuffs, non-drug exercise equipment) | High-load-level gains in muscle size and strength from low-load resistance exercise |
| C | 54 | Repaglinide (oral prescription rapid-acting meglitinide insulin secretagogue; NovoNorm) | Lower postprandial glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet |
| C | 54 | Postprandial walking (a lifestyle, nonpharmacologic exercise intervention) | Suppression of postmeal glucose spikes in type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance by walking for 10 to 15 minutes immediately after meals |
| C | 54 | Acitretin (systemic retinoid; oral prescription drug, Neotigason) | Prevention of new cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in high-risk kidney-transplant recipients with multiple skin cancers |
| C | 54 | Intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (iTBS, noninvasive neuromodulation delivered in a medical setting) | Induction of symptomatic response and remission in treatment-resistant major depressive disorder |
| C | 54 | Sports mouthguard (boil-and-bite or custom-fitted nonmedical oral protective equipment) | Prevention of dental and orofacial injuries during contact sports |
| C | 54 | Home blood-pressure self-monitoring linked to clinical care and telemonitoring | Improved blood-pressure control in treated hypertension |
| C | 54 | Supervised land-based exercise therapy (strength, aerobic, and functional exercise) | Improved pain and disability in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 54 | Mandibular advancement device (MAD, intraoral sleep-breathing medical device) | Improvement of apnea, daytime sleepiness, and snoring in mild-to-moderate obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 54 | Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR, trauma-focused psychotherapy) | Improvement in core PTSD symptoms and diagnostic status |
| C | 54 | Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (implantable sleep-breathing medical device) | Improvement of respiratory indices and daytime function in CPAP-intolerant obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 54 | Guselkumab (prescription IL-23 p19 monoclonal-antibody biologic) | PASI90 and IGA 0 or 1 skin-lesion response in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis |
| C | 54 | Elagolix (prescription oral GnRH antagonist) | Response in endometriosis-associated dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pelvic pain |
| C | 54 | Dry needling (insertion of an unmedicated needle into myofascial trigger points) | Reduced morning first-step and foot pain in plantar fasciitis |
| C | 54 | Pregabalin (prescription gabapentinoid) | Patient-reported pain reduction in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 54 | Melatonin 3 mg (immediate-release indoleamine supplement or medicine) | Reduction of monthly migraine days and prevention of adult migraine |
| C | 54 | Foam rolling (self-massage device and lifestyle technique) | Reduction of delayed-onset muscle soreness and short-term functional recovery after exercise |
| C | 54 | Gut-directed hypnotherapy (standardized hypnosis, education, and home-practice psychotherapy) | Relief of abdominal pain, bloating, and global symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome |
| C | 54 | Naldemedine, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist | Improvement of opioid-induced constipation in chronic noncancer pain |
| C | 54 | Omalizumab, an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody | Reduced itch and hives in antihistamine-refractory chronic spontaneous urticaria |
| C | 54 | Propranolol, a nonselective beta blocker | Reduction in attack frequency for adult episodic migraine prevention |
| C | 54 | Subcutaneous sumatriptan 6 mg | Pain freedom or relief within 15 minutes of an acute cluster headache attack |
| C | 54 | Empagliflozin 10 mg, a prescription SGLT2 inhibitor | Reduction in MRI-measured liver fat in MASLD with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 54 | CEFALY external trigeminal nerve stimulation device | Reduction in episodic migraine days with daily preventive use |
| C | 54 | Duloxetine, a prescription serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | Patient-perceived pain reduction in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 54 | Sildenafil, a prescription phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | Improved six-minute walk capacity and reduced clinical worsening in pulmonary arterial hypertension |
| C | 54 | Dupilumab, a prescription interleukin-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody injection | Improved congestion, nasal polyps, and disease-specific quality of life in severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps |
| C | 54 | Nemolizumab, a prescription interleukin-31 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody injection | Itch response and skin-nodule clearance in moderate-to-severe prurigo nodularis |
| C | 54 | Risankizumab, an interleukin-23 p19 monoclonal antibody | At least 90% improvement and clearance of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis lesions |
| C | 54 | Tapinarof 1% cream, a topical prescription medicine | Achievement of clear or almost-clear lesions in adult plaque psoriasis |
| C | 54 | Oral prednisolone, a systemic glucocorticoid prescription drug | Analgesic equivalence to indomethacin or naproxen in adult acute gout |
| C | 54 | Inhaled ensifentrine 3 mg twice daily, a prescription dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitor | Improved week-12 FEV1 AUC0-12h, with symptoms, quality of life, and week-24 exacerbations assessed separately |
| C | 54 | High-dose one-day oral valacyclovir started at the first symptom, 2 g twice in one day | Shorter lesion and symptom duration in recurrent herpes labialis |
| C | 54 | Dupilumab, a prescription monoclonal antibody targeting IL-4R alpha | Clinically meaningful itch reduction and nodule improvement in uncontrolled prurigo nodularis |
| C | 54 | Upadacitinib, an oral selective JAK inhibitor marketed as Rinvoq | Induction and maintenance of clinical remission in moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis |
| C | 54 | Therapeutic aquatic exercise | Improvement of pain and daily function in knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| C | 54 | Injectable polydeoxyribonucleotide, or PDRN, using a Placentex-type prescription product | Increased complete closure of chronic diabetic foot ulcers by eight weeks |
| C | 54 | Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant prescribed off label for adult migraine prevention | Reduction in monthly migraine days and increased 50% response in adults |
| C | 54 | Deoxycholic acid injection, ATX-101 marketed as Kybella or Belkyra, for submental fat | Visible reduction of moderate or severe submental fat in adults |
| C | 54 | Cross-linked hyaluronic acid dermal filler, including injectable gels such as Juvéderm | Visible correction and durability of moderate-to-severe nasolabial folds |
| C | 54 | Whole lettuce | Reduced incidence of estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer |
| C | 54 | Raw onion juice, 10 mL daily | Improved insomnia and sleep duration in adults aged 60 years or older |
| C | 54 | Small purple potatoes microwaved with the skin | Lower blood pressure in overweight adults with hypertension |
| C | 54 | Whole-eggplant juice-dried powder | Reduction of office blood pressure |
| C | 54 | Whole chilies and sweet peppers | Lower odds of prevalent sarcopenia |
| C | 54 | Whole date fruit, 100 g | Reduced bleeding during 24 hours after vaginal delivery |
| C | 54 | Freeze-dried whole doenjang | Reduction in visceral fat |
| C | 54 | One whole Brazil nut daily | Improved cognition in mild cognitive impairment |
| C | 54 | Three daily servings of whole wheat and oats | Reduced systolic blood pressure |
| C | 54 | Fully cooked green lentils, 140 g per day | Reduced postprandial glucose response |
| C | 54 | Farmed trout, 250 g twice weekly as food | Improved blood lipids in people with hyperlipidemia |
| C | 54 | Cod fillet, 150 g three or five times weekly within an energy-restricted diet | Additional weight loss during energy restriction |
| C | 54 | Nonfermented skim milk consumed by adolescents | Increased prevalence of adolescent acne |
| C | 54 | Curry meals combining turmeric with other spices, fat, and main ingredients | Lower cognitive decline and incidence of mild cognitive impairment or dementia |
| C | 54 | Circulating erythritol concentration | Higher circulating concentration and increased major cardiovascular events comprising death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke |
| C | 54 | Forty-eight milligrams of pure sucralose in water taken ten minutes before a glucose load | Worsened postprandial glucose and insulin responses |
| C | 54 | The proportion of total dietary energy classified as NOVA group 4 ultra-processed food | Increased incidence of depressive symptoms |
| C | 54 | Early six-hour time-restricted feeding with dinner before 3 pm | Improved insulin sensitivity with calories set to weight-maintenance needs |
| C | 54 | Very-low-sodium diet estimated as less than 3 g sodium per day | Increased death or major cardiovascular events |
| C | 54 | An additional 1.5 L of water per day on top of usual intake | Prevention of recurrent cystitis in premenopausal women with low baseline fluid intake |
| C | 54 | Midlife alcohol intake of 1-14 UK units/week (8-112 g ethanol/week) | Prevention of incident dementia |
| C | 54 | Drinking coffee, at least 28 oz/day, about 828 mL, brewing method unknown | Prevention of incident Parkinson disease |
| C | 54 | A porridge meal labeled with 4 mg iron isotope taken with 200 mL black tea | Reduced single-meal fractional nonheme-iron absorption |
| C | 54 | Repeated consumption of carbonated soft drinks, including cola | Lower bone mineral density or increased fracture |
| C | 54 | Habitual daytime napping, especially naps shorter than 30 minutes | Prevention of cognitive decline and dementia in later life |
| C | 54 | Self-reported habitual napping once or twice per week | Prevention of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke |
| C | 54 | Habitual self-reported sleep of about seven hours per day | Lower all-cause mortality than shorter or longer sleep |
| C | 54 | Stopping mobile phone use from 30 minutes before usual bedtime for four weeks | Shorter self-reported sleep latency, longer sleep duration, and better sleep quality |
| C | 54 | Dog ownership recorded in Swedish national registers, observed for up to 12 years | Lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality |
| C | 54 | Self-reported annual volunteering categorized as 0, 1-49, 50-99, or at least 100 hours | Lower onset of physical-function limitations four years later |
| C | 54 | Singing for Lung Health for 90 minutes twice weekly over 10 weeks | Replacement of standard exercise training in COPD pulmonary rehabilitation |
| C | 54 | A 50-to-55-minute nature walk for adults with major depressive disorder | Immediate improvement in working-memory performance |
| C | 54 | Placing an infant supine for sleep from birth through the first year | Reduced sudden infant death syndrome |
| C | 54 | At least 20 minutes of daily supervised prone play after discharge for preterm infants | Improved motor development through four months corrected age |
| C | 54 | High job demands combined with low job control by baseline questionnaire | Increased incidence of coronary heart disease |
| C | 54 | Cumulative years of rotating night shifts, defined as at least three nights per month plus day or evening shifts | Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes |
| C | 54 | A four-week ICU-level positive-communication package called the Hello Bundle | Reduced burnout prevalence among ICU healthcare professionals |
| C | 54 | A three-week intervention limiting healthy university students' smartphone screen time to no more than two hours per day | Reduced depressive symptoms |
| C | 54 | Daily digital screen time | Higher myopia risk in children and adolescents |
| C | 54 | An intensive family intervention limiting recreational screen use to three hours per person per week for two weeks | Increased leisure nonsedentary physical activity in children |
| C | 54 | Residential road-traffic noise | Increased ischemic heart disease and stroke |
| C | 54 | Unpaid participation in community or nonprofit volunteering | Reduced all-cause mortality risk during prospective follow-up |
| C | 54 | Prehospital extremity tourniquet use | Reduced in-hospital mortality after civilian peripheral vascular trauma |
| C | 54 | A total of twenty minutes of cool running water within three hours after a thermal burn | Reduced need for skin grafting and hospital admission |
| C | 54 | One-percent povidone-iodine irrigation for a simple acute laceration | Reduced wound infection after repair |
| C | 54 | Omeprazole 20 mg taken 20 to 30 minutes before the first meal | Improved reflux symptoms versus other existing dosing times |
| C | 54 | The eight-session individual START coping-strategy program | Reduction of depression and anxiety symptoms in family carers of people with dementia |
| C | 54 | Below-knee graduated compression stockings worn during long-haul flights | Reduction in asymptomatic deep-vein thrombosis detected by post-flight ultrasound |
| C | 54 | Ultraviolet or UV/LED gel-nail curing lamps | Increased incidence of skin cancer on the hands |
| C | 54 | Weighted blanket filled with metal chains, beads, or other heavy material | Improved insomnia symptoms |
| C | 54 | PDE5 inhibitors | Reduced incidence of Alzheimer disease |
| C | 54 | Frequency of regular Finnish sauna bathing | Reduced incidence of dementia |
| C | 54 | Seated soleus push-up | Reduced three-hour postprandial glucose excursion |
| C | 54 | Wearing socks in bed | Improved sleep onset and sleep |
| C | 54 | Wearing a bicycle helmet | Prevention of head injury and serious head injury during a crash or fall |
| C | 54 | Suppressive acyclovir 400 mg twice daily for recurrent genital herpes | Prevention of clinical recurrences during treatment |
| C | 54 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| C | 54 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| C | 54 | Fast eating speed | Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes |
| C | 54 | A non-rigid lumbopelvic support belt worn during waking hours and removed for sleep | Relief of pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain and disability at 20-32 weeks' gestation |
| C | 54 | A 19-mm polyurethane foam anti-fatigue mat | Relief of perceived foot and leg fatigue during prolonged standing |
| C | 54 | Removable dentures worn during sleep | Increased incidence of serious pneumonia |
| C | 54 | Current dog ownership | Reduced incident disabling dementia |
| C | 54 | One-inch 3M Micropore paper tape applied to blister-prone sites before racing | Prevention of foot blisters during long-distance walking or running |
| C | 54 | Screen exposure at age one, including television, DVDs, games, mobile phones, and tablets | More developmental screening delay at ages two and four |
| C | 54 | Menstrual cup use | Associated with increased copper intrauterine-device expulsion |
| C | 54 | Work clothing factory-treated with long-lasting permethrin | Reduced tick bites in outdoor workers |
| C | 54 | A multifaceted package of foot orthoses, foot and ankle exercise, footwear advice and subsidy, falls education, and routine podiatry | Reduced fall rate in community-dwelling older adults with disabling foot pain |
| C | 54 | An environmental intervention replacing six high-touch ICU objects with copper-alloy surfaces | Reduced healthcare-associated infection |
| C | 54 | Shift work outside standard daytime hours, including night work | Association with increased incident diagnosed depression |
| C | 54 | Buttonhole cannulation of a hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula | Increased local infection, abscess, or bacteremia versus rope-ladder cannulation |
| C | 54 | Aquacel Ag or nanocrystalline-silver dressings | Faster wound closure of partial-thickness burns than daily 1% silver sulfadiazine |
| C | 54 | Portable-bladder-ultrasound prompted voiding tailored to individual bladder capacity | Reduced daytime urine leakage in older nursing-home residents |
| C | 54 | Collaborative or case-managed depression care in primary care, with structured contacts, monitoring, clinician feedback, and specialist supervision | Reduction in PHQ-9 depressive symptoms |
| C | 54 | Custom-molded RTV silicone toe separator worn at night | Reduced radiographic hallux valgus angle over 12 months in moderate hallux valgus |
| C | 54 | Starting term or near-term neonatal resuscitation with 21% room air and adding oxygen if needed | Reduced death or moderate-to-severe hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy versus starting with 100% oxygen |
| C | 54 | Continuous plantar-pressure sensing insoles with smartwatch alerts and offloading guidance | Reduced recurrence of healed plantar diabetic foot ulcers |
| C | 54 | The SMArT Work package combining a sit-stand desk with education, goals, feedback, coaching, and prompts | Reduced occupational sitting at 12 months among office workers |
| C | 54 | Hospital-wide adoption of safety-engineered needles and blood-collection devices | Reduction in occupational needlestick injuries among healthcare personnel |
| C | 54 | A mobile stroke unit equipped with CT, point-of-care testing, neurologic evaluation, and thrombolysis | Reduced disability and increased functional independence at 90 days |
| C | 54 | High-protein oral nutritional supplement containing HMB (HP-HMB) | Reduced 90-day postdischarge mortality in malnourished older medical inpatients |
| C | 54 | Single-use hydrophilic-coated intermittent catheter | Reduced antibiotic-treated symptomatic urinary tract infection after acute spinal cord injury |
| C | 54 | Frozen gloves and socks during paclitaxel infusion | Prevention of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 54 | Standardized twice-daily application of a fragrance-free pH 5-6 moisturizer to the arms and legs | Prevention of skin tears in aged-care residents |
| C | 54 | Alcohol-based hand sanitizer provision plus enhanced hand-hygiene education during international travel | Lower incidence of travelers' diarrhea |
| C | 54 | Closure of simple lacerations with 2-octyl or n-butyl cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive | Long-term cosmetic results comparable to sutures in clean, linear, low-tension simple lacerations |
| C | 54 | A caffeine nap consisting of 200 mg caffeine followed immediately by less than 15 minutes of sleep | Fewer simulated driving incidents than with caffeine alone in sleepy drivers |
| C | 54 | Paper tape applied continuously to a cesarean incision for 12 weeks | Prevention of hypertrophic scar formation |
| C | 54 | Four-week multimodal prehabilitation combining exercise, nutrition, and psychological support before colorectal cancer surgery | Reduction in severe postoperative complications within 30 days |
| C | 54 | Bedside medication management combining patient and drug bar-code verification with an electronic medication record | Reduction in nontiming medication-administration errors |
| C | 54 | Intensive physiotherapist-supervised pelvic floor muscle training from 20 to 36 weeks of pregnancy | Primary prevention of urinary incontinence in late pregnancy and three months postpartum |
| C | 54 | The INTERACT3 early goal-directed care bundle for acute intracerebral hemorrhage | Improved functional recovery at six months |
| C | 54 | Manualized once-weekly Swedish massage delivered by licensed therapists | Reduced persistent cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer survivors |
| C | 54 | Low-dose titrated amitriptyline | Improved six-month symptom severity in irritable bowel syndrome persisting after diet and first-line treatment |
| C | 54 | Emicizumab prophylaxis | Reduced treated bleeding in hemophilia A with factor VIII inhibitors |
| C | 54 | Subcutaneous lanadelumab | Prevention of attacks over 26 weeks in patients aged 12 years or older with type I or II hereditary angioedema |
| C | 54 | Horse-derived antithymocyte globulin (horse ATG) | Improved 6-month hematologic response versus rabbit ATG in severe aplastic anemia |
| C | 54 | Etranacogene dezaparvovec gene therapy | Reduced annualized bleeding rate versus prior prophylaxis in severe or moderately severe hemophilia B |
| C | 54 | Once-daily modified-release hydrocortisone | Improved weight and metabolism in adrenal insufficiency |
| C | 54 | Sucrose octasulfate-containing wound dressing | Increased complete closure by 20 weeks in neuroischaemic diabetic foot ulcers |
| C | 54 | Luspatercept | Reducing transfusion burden in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia |
| C | 54 | Romiplostim | Reduced treatment failure and splenectomy in adults with immune thrombocytopenia who had not undergone splenectomy |
| C | 54 | Deferiprone | Noninferior chelation success versus deferasirox in pediatric transfusion-dependent hemoglobinopathy with iron overload |
| C | 54 | Physical therapy compared with intra-articular glucocorticoid injection | Reduced pain and functional disability in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 54 | Home blood-pressure self-monitoring with prespecified medication self-titration | Reduced office systolic blood pressure in high-risk hypertension |
| C | 54 | Pharmacist prescribing and follow-up in community barbershops | Reduced systolic blood pressure in uncontrolled hypertension |
| C | 54 | Belimumab, a prescription BLyS-inhibiting monoclonal antibody | Increased week-52 SRI disease-activity response in active systemic lupus erythematosus |
| C | 54 | Icon resin infiltration (ICON, DMG, Germany) | Reduced radiographic progression of non-cavitated proximal early caries |
| C | 54 | A phase-change-material cooling vest and an on-site cooling oasis combining hydration, cold towels, fans, and water dousing | Reduced physiological heat strain measured by core temperature and heart rate during sawmill work in Thailand |
| C | 54 | A 36 mg/dL treatment-threshold strategy for neonatal hypoglycemia | Noninferior Bayley neurodevelopment at 18 months versus a 47 mg/dL threshold |
| C | 54 | Luspatercept | Transfusion independence with concurrent hemoglobin response in transfusion-dependent lower-risk MDS |
| C | 54 | Monthly fitusiran prophylaxis | Reduced annualized bleeding in severe hemophilia A or B without inhibitors |
| C | 54 | Immediate sequential bilateral cataract surgery | Achievement of refractive target versus delayed sequential surgery |
| C | 54 | Five-day high-frequency penicillin V | Clinical-cure noninferiority versus 10 days |
| C | 54 | Inebilizumab | Reduced independently adjudicated NMOSD relapse |
| C | 54 | Preoperative office evaluation alone, omitting routine urodynamic testing | Noninferiority to added urodynamic testing for one-year patient-reported treatment success in uncomplicated stress urinary incontinence |
| C | 54 | Real-time video home cardiac rehabilitation | Noninferior improvement in 12-week six-minute walk function versus centre-based rehabilitation in stable chronic heart failure |
| C | 54 | Pelacarsen | Reduction in six-month lipoprotein(a) concentration in patients with cardiovascular disease and elevated Lp(a) |
| C | 54 | Secukinumab | HiSCR50 lesion response in moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa |
| C | 54 | Intravenous risankizumab induction | Week-12 clinical remission and endoscopic response in moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease |
| C | 53 | Elderberry (elderberry, Sambucus nigra) | Colds, influenza, and immunity |
| C | 53 | Magnesium oxide | Improvement of chronic constipation and bowel-movement frequency |
| C | 53 | Lactobacillus acidophilus YT1 (MENOLACTO®, an individually recognized branded strain) | Improved menopausal symptoms, including hot flashes, and quality of life |
| C | 53 | Ashwagandha root extract (Withania somnifera; withanolide-containing adaptogenic botanical supplement) | Improved strength and aerobic capacity measured by VO2max in healthy adults performing resistance training |
| C | 53 | Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP, an autologous blood-derived regenerative injection procedure) | Increased hair density and hair count in men and women with androgenetic alopecia |
| C | 53 | Black seed oil, a Nigella sativa seed-oil herbal supplement containing thymoquinone | Improvement of ALT, AST, and ultrasound steatosis in MASLD or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| C | 53 | High-flavanol cocoa (cocoa flavanols; epicatechin-class polyphenols used as foods or supplements) | Improved fasting insulin and HOMA-IR |
| C | 52 | Propolis | immunity/oral: general immune-function/cold-prevention claims and oral antibacterial/gum/plaque claims evaluated separately |
| C | 52 | GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid, oral) | Stress and sleep |
| C | 52 | BCAA (branched-chain amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, valine) | Muscle and exercise (muscle mass/strength/exercise performance, post-exercise recovery and muscle soreness) |
| C | 52 | Kimchi-derived probiotics (plant-derived lactic acid bacteria) | gut health |
| C | 52 | Pycnogenol (French maritime pine bark extract) | Antioxidant, vascular, and skin effects |
| C | 52 | Iodine | Thyroid function |
| C | 52 | Bacopa monnieri (brahmi) | Memory and cognition |
| C | 52 | Pomegranate (pomegranate) | Antioxidant, vascular, blood pressure, and skin effects |
| C | 52 | Sulforaphane/broccoli sprout extract | Antioxidant, detoxification, and anticancer |
| C | 52 | L-tyrosine | Stress, focus, and cognitive performance |
| C | 52 | Vitamin B1 (thiamine) | Fatigue and nerve function |
| C | 52 | Holy basil (tulsi, Ocimum tenuiflorum) | Relief of stress and anxiety |
| C | 52 | Fennel seed extract | Relief of menopausal symptoms |
| C | 52 | Artemisia annua extract powder | Liver protection and liver-function improvement |
| C | 52 | Nicotinamide riboside (NR) | Increased NAD+ and healthy aging |
| C | 52 | Enzymatically hydrolyzed Tremella fuciformis extract | Improvement of age-related cognitive function |
| C | 52 | Gastrodia elata extract | Improvement of memory and cognitive function |
| C | 52 | Pantethine | Reduction in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides |
| C | 52 | Riboflavin (vitamin B2) | Energy production and fatigue improvement |
| C | 52 | Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 plus Bifidobacterium longum R0175 | Improved stress, anxiety, and mood |
| C | 52 | Aster spathulifolius extract | Reduced body fat |
| C | 52 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 | Improvement of endurance performance, strength, and fatigue recovery |
| C | 52 | Coenzyme Q10 | Improved IVF or ICSI pregnancy success in women with diminished ovarian reserve |
| C | 52 | New Zealand blackcurrant anthocyanins (CurraNZ) | Exercise endurance and post-exercise muscle recovery |
| C | 52 | Lactic-acid-bacteria-fermented oyster extract, FGO | Promotion of height growth in children |
| C | 52 | MCT oil (medium-chain triglycerides, C8 and C10) | Improved memory and cognitive function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease |
| C | 52 | Cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion (Restasis, prescription medicine) | Improved tear production and symptoms in inflammatory dry eye |
| C | 52 | Metadoxine (500-mg prescription medicine for alcohol-associated liver disease) | Accelerated recovery of alcoholic fatty liver and normalization of liver enzymes |
| C | 52 | Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza, prescription antiviral medicine) | Prevention of household influenza transmission after a single dose taken by the infected person |
| C | 52 | Pidotimod (prescription immunomodulator) | Reduced number of recurrent respiratory infections |
| C | 52 | Psychobiotic probiotics (live Lactobacillus- and Bifidobacterium-family supplements) | Reduced depression scores and adjunctive support for antidepressant treatment in adults |
| C | 52 | Bakuchiol (plant-derived meroterpene marketed as a retinol alternative in nonprescription cosmetics) | Improvement of facial photoaging wrinkles and hyperpigmentation with topical 0.5% use |
| C | 52 | Ferric carboxymaltose (intravenous ferric complex, prescription injection; Ferinject) | Reduced heart-failure rehospitalization through 52 weeks after stabilization from acute heart failure with iron deficiency |
| C | 52 | DIMS defocus spectacle lenses (Defocus Incorporated Multiple Segments; MiyoSmart; a peripheral myopic-defocus optical medical device) | Reduced two-year refractive progression and axial elongation in children with myopia |
| C | 52 | Prazosin (an alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blocker and prescription drug; use for PTSD is off-label) | Reduced PTSD-related nightmares and sleep disturbance |
| C | 52 | Oral sodium bicarbonate (oral alkali-supplement tablets) | Delayed kidney-function decline and progression to dialysis in chronic kidney disease with metabolic acidosis |
| C | 52 | Bright light therapy (10,000-lux non-drug light treatment using a consumer-available device) | Improvement of depressive symptoms and remission in nonseasonal major depressive disorder |
| C | 52 | Radical prostatectomy (open, laparoscopic, or robotic prescription surgery) | Reduction of prostate-cancer mortality and all-cause mortality in localized prostate cancer |
| C | 52 | Ciprofloxacin (prescription fluoroquinolone antibiotic) | Primary prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) and death in cirrhosis with low-protein ascites |
| C | 52 | Donanemab (anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody; prescription intravenous Kisunla) | Slowed cognitive and functional decline in amyloid-confirmed early symptomatic Alzheimer disease |
| C | 52 | External hip protector (impact-absorbing pads in protective underwear; non-drug protective product) | Prevention of hip fractures in older adults at high risk of falls |
| C | 52 | Microsurgical varicocelectomy (prescription surgery for male infertility) | Increased natural pregnancy and live birth in infertile men with a palpable varicocele and abnormal semen parameters |
| C | 52 | Honey (food and nonprescription natural product; age 12 months or older) | Relief of nocturnal cough frequency and cough-related sleep disturbance in children with acute upper respiratory infection |
| C | 52 | Terlipressin (vasopressin V1 agonist; intravenous prescription injection) | Verified reversal of renal dysfunction in cirrhosis-associated hepatorenal syndrome with acute kidney injury |
| C | 52 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol supplement) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure receiving standard therapy |
| C | 52 | Resistant starch (RS2, digestion-resistant starch, food and supplement) | Reduction of intrahepatic triglyceride and liver fat in patients with MASLD/NAFLD |
| C | 52 | Low-intensity extracorporeal shockwave therapy (Li-ESWT, local penile procedure) | Improved erectile function and erection hardness in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction |
| C | 52 | Vitamin C as oral tablets or capsules | Improved glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 52 | Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation | Short-term improvement in pain and function for knee osteoarthritis that has not responded to conservative treatment. |
| C | 52 | Carbohydrate mouth rinse (at least 6% maltodextrin or a similar carbohydrate solution, rinsed and expectorated during exercise) | A small improvement in mean power output during cycling |
| C | 52 | Saffron, a Crocus sativus extract | Relief of mood and physical symptoms of PMS or PMDD |
| C | 52 | Screening colonoscopy (a one-time invitation strategy for asymptomatic adults at average risk) | Prevention of colorectal cancer incidence and colorectal cancer death |
| C | 51 | Heat-treated green tea extract | Improvement of memory and concentration |
| C | 51 | Cetyl myristoleate complex (CMO and cetylated fatty acids) | Improved knee-joint pain and function |
| C | 51 | EnXtra® (a proprietary standardized extract of Alpinia galanga) | Improved caffeine-free alertness, attention, and sustained energy |
| C | 51 | L-theanine (a green-tea-derived amino-acid supplement) | Improved attention and choice reaction time after a single dose in healthy adults |
| C | 51 | Topical 5% niacinamide (the amide form of vitamin B3, cosmetic) | Improved appearance of facial photoaging, including fine lines, rough texture, and hyperpigmented spots, after 12 weeks of application |
| C | 50 | Low-molecular-weight collagen (collagen peptides) | Skin hydration and elasticity |
| C | 50 | Lutein and zeaxanthin | macular health and eye health |
| C | 50 | Magnesium | sleep improvement and eye-twitching relief |
| C | 50 | MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) | joint pain and function improvement |
| C | 50 | Boswellia serrata (frankincense) | joint inflammation and pain relief |
| C | 50 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone/ubiquinol) | antioxidant and blood-pressure improvement |
| C | 50 | Banaba leaf extract (corosolic acid) | postprandial blood-glucose improvement |
| C | 50 | CLA (conjugated linoleic acid) | body fat reduction |
| C | 50 | Spinach extract (thylakoids) | appetite suppression and weight management |
| C | 50 | Oral hyaluronic acid | skin moisturization |
| C | 50 | Oral ceramides (rice- and wheat-derived) | skin moisturization and barrier |
| C | 50 | Collagen (hydrolyzed/UC-II) | joint and bone health |
| C | 50 | B-complex vitamins | Fatigue |
| C | 50 | Fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae such as sea mustard and kelp) | immune and anticancer claims |
| C | 50 | Choline: choline bitartrate, phosphatidylcholine/lecithin, citicoline/CDP-choline, and alpha-GPC/choline alfoscerate | Liver health/fatty liver and cognition/memory |
| C | 50 | Gelatin | Joints, skin, and hair |
| C | 50 | Niacin (vitamin B3) | Cholesterol and lipids |
| C | 50 | Alpha-GPC (alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, choline alfoscerate) | Cognition and exercise performance |
| C | 50 | Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) | Male vitality and testosterone |
| C | 50 | Glycine | Sleep |
| C | 50 | Natural eggshell membrane (NEM) | Improvement of knee-joint pain, stiffness, and function |
| C | 50 | Multi-enzyme digestive supplement | Improved digestion and bloating in the general population |
| C | 50 | Ecklonia stolonifera extract | Liver health and liver-enzyme improvement |
| C | 50 | Gynostemma pentaphyllum leaf extract | Relief of tension caused by stress |
| C | 50 | Fermented porcine placenta extract | Improvement of fatigue |
| C | 50 | L-arabinose | Attenuation of sucrose digestion and absorption and postprandial glucose control |
| C | 50 | MS-10 thistle complex | Relief of menopausal symptoms in women |
| C | 50 | Rice bran ethanolic extract | Improved sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep onset |
| C | 50 | EpiCor dried yeast fermentate | Reduction of cold and flu-like symptoms and immune support |
| C | 50 | Glycine | Improved sleep quality and daytime alertness when taken before bed |
| C | 50 | Tomato nutrient complex (Lyc-O-Mato) | Oral photoprotection and reduction of skin erythema |
| C | 50 | Shoden® ashwagandha extract | Sleep quality, sleep onset, and nighttime awakenings |
| C | 50 | UREX probiotics GR-1 plus RC-14 (L. rhamnosus GR-1 plus L. reuteri RC-14) | Growth of beneficial vaginal bacteria and reduction of bacterial-vaginosis recurrence |
| C | 50 | Coenzyme Q10 for male reproductive efficacy | Improved sperm concentration and motility and greater pregnancy potential in infertile men |
| C | 50 | Curcumin, depression efficacy axis | Relief of major depressive disorder symptoms and adjunctive use with antidepressants |
| C | 50 | Zinc L-carnosine, including polaprezinc and PepZin GI | Gastric-mucosal protection and gastric-ulcer healing |
| C | 50 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HY7714 | Improvement of skin hydration, elasticity, and UV-related skin aging |
| C | 50 | NOVAROSE®, a standardized Rosa chinensis petal extract | Improved skin hydration, wrinkles, and ultraviolet-related photoaging |
| C | 50 | Voglibose (alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; Basen) | Prevention of diabetic and cardiovascular complications beyond postprandial glucose suppression |
| C | 50 | Sinetrol XPur citrus polyphenol blend (branded ingredient) | Reduced body fat, waist circumference, and weight in adults with overweight |
| C | 50 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, fat-soluble vitamin supplement) | Improvement in OSDI, tear-film stability, and tear secretion in patients with dry eye and vitamin D deficiency |
| C | 50 | Taurine alone (an aminosulfonic acid sports supplement) | Longer time to exhaustion and better endurance performance in healthy exercisers when taken alone before exercise |
| C | 50 | Adapalene 0.3% (a third-generation topical retinoid; prescription Differin topical product) | Topical improvement of periorbital and forehead wrinkles, pigmentation, and texture in photoaged skin |
| C | 50 | Bovine colostrum (an immunoglobulin-containing dairy-derived supplement) | Improved endurance, strength, power, and postexercise recovery in athletes |
| C | 50 | Curcumin extract (curcumin/turmeric extract, a turmeric polyphenol supplement) | Delay or prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with prediabetes |
| C | 50 | Hydroxyzine (a first-generation H1 antihistamine and sedating anxiolytic; Ucerax; prescription medicine) | Improvement of anxiety, tension, and treatment response in adults with generalized anxiety disorder |
| C | 50 | Brexpiprazole (dopamine D2 partial-agonist atypical antipsychotic; Rexulti; prescription drug) | Adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder with inadequate response to antidepressants |
| C | 50 | Lactoferrin (milk-derived iron-binding glycoprotein used as an oral supplement) | Reduced inflammatory and total lesion counts and severity in mild-to-moderate acne |
| C | 50 | Structured breathwork (a nonpharmacologic mind-body intervention or app program using slow, diaphragmatic, or related breathing) | Relief of stress and anxiety symptoms in adults |
| C | 50 | Enhanced recovery after colorectal surgery (ERAS or fast-track colorectal surgery, a multicomponent perioperative care program) | Reduced complications and 30-day readmission after colorectal surgery |
| C | 50 | Elafibranor 80 mg oral tablet | Improved the alkaline-phosphatase and bilirubin composite biochemical response in primary biliary cholangitis with inadequate UDCA response |
| C | 50 | Low-level red-light or laser helmet therapy | Increased hair density in male and female androgenetic alopecia |
| C | 50 | Acupuncture using true needle treatment | Preventive reduction in episodic migraine attack frequency |
| C | 50 | Orthokeratology overnight corneal-reshaping lens | Slower childhood myopia progression and axial elongation |
| C | 50 | Large-volume low-pressure isotonic saline nasal irrigation | Improved chronic nasal and sinus symptoms and disease-specific quality of life |
| C | 50 | Roflumilast foam 0.3% (topical prescription PDE4 inhibitor) | Improvement of seborrheic dermatitis lesion severity and itch |
| C | 50 | Efgartigimod alfa (prescription FcRn-blocking biologic) | Improved activities of daily living in AChR-antibody-positive generalized myasthenia gravis |
| C | 50 | Local superficial heat therapy (abdominal heat patch or heating pad) | Relief of pain from primary dysmenorrhea |
| C | 50 | Adalimumab (subcutaneous anti-TNF monoclonal-antibody prescription biologic; Humira and biosimilars) | Induction and maintenance of clinical remission in moderate-to-severe Crohn disease |
| C | 50 | Cetirizine, a second-generation H1 antihistamine, at the standard 10-mg dose | Suppression of wheals and itch in chronic spontaneous urticaria |
| C | 50 | Bronchial thermoplasty, a radiofrequency bronchoscopic procedure | Improvement of quality of life and exacerbations in severe persistent asthma |
| C | 50 | Topical diclofenac, an NSAID gel or plaster | Improved pain and function in acute ankle sprain |
| C | 50 | Fesoterodine, an antimuscarinic treatment for overactive bladder | Reduced urinary frequency and urgency urinary incontinence in overactive bladder |
| C | 50 | Methylnaltrexone, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist | Rapid rescue-free laxation in opioid-induced constipation during advanced illness |
| C | 50 | Lifitegrast 5% ophthalmic solution, an LFA-1 antagonist | Improved eye-dryness and ocular-discomfort symptoms |
| C | 50 | Rimegepant, 75 mg orally every other day | Reduction in monthly migraine days for adult migraine prevention |
| C | 50 | Ruxolitinib 1.5% cream, a topical JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor | Improvement of lesions and itch in mild to moderate atopic dermatitis |
| C | 50 | Amoxicillin, a prescription penicillin antibiotic | Meaningful shortening of symptoms and disease-specific quality-of-life impairment in clinically diagnosed adult acute rhinosinusitis |
| C | 50 | CEFALY external trigeminal nerve stimulation device | Increased freedom from pain at two hours during an acute migraine attack |
| C | 50 | Nonimmersive virtual-reality rehabilitation using Nintendo Wii upper-limb tasks | Superior post-stroke arm recovery versus time-matched recreational activity |
| C | 50 | Powered toothbrush, especially oscillating-rotating designs | Improved gingivitis and gingival-bleeding indices versus a manual toothbrush |
| C | 50 | Dupilumab, an interleukin-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody given by weekly subcutaneous injection | Improvement of dysphagia in adults and adolescents with eosinophilic esophagitis |
| C | 50 | Ubrogepant, an oral CGRP receptor antagonist | Freedom from pain and the most bothersome associated symptom two hours after treatment of an acute migraine |
| C | 50 | Tirbanibulin 1% ointment, a five-day prescription topical treatment | Complete day-57 clearance of actinic keratoses on the face or scalp treatment field |
| C | 50 | Oxymetazoline hydrochloride cream 1% (Rhofade) | Improvement of persistent facial erythema associated with rosacea |
| C | 50 | Raw whole watercress, 85 g/day | Reduced lymphocyte DNA damage |
| C | 50 | Burdock-root decoction tea | Knee osteoarthritis pain and function |
| C | 50 | Baked then chilled potato | Lower post-meal insulin response |
| C | 50 | Whole okra fruit powder | HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 50 | Raw cucumber slices | Lower LDL cholesterol in mildly hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women |
| C | 50 | Two whole raw apples with skin, 340 g daily | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| C | 50 | 100% Korean pear juice, 220 mL | Reduced hangover symptoms after alcohol |
| C | 50 | Fig paste, 300 g daily | Improved colonic transit and bowel symptoms in functional constipation |
| C | 50 | Whole bananas during a 75 km cycling trial | Reduced exercise-associated muscle cramping |
| C | 50 | Freeze-dried whole kimchi | Reduction in body fat mass |
| C | 50 | Whole gochujang | Improved triglycerides and ApoB |
| C | 50 | Whole koji amazake | More defecation days and bowel movements |
| C | 50 | Milled flaxseed, 30 g daily | Lower blood pressure in peripheral artery disease |
| C | 50 | Whole almonds, about 57 g daily | Reduced facial wrinkles in postmenopausal women |
| C | 50 | Ground sesame seeds, 40 g/day | Improved knee osteoarthritis pain and function |
| C | 50 | Whole-grain provided diet | Increased bowel-movement frequency |
| C | 50 | Decaffeinated coffee, a single 300-mL serving | Reduced three-hour postprandial esophageal acid exposure in reflux disease |
| C | 50 | Dark chocolate above 85% cocoa, a single 40-g serving | Improved maximal walking distance and time in peripheral artery disease |
| C | 50 | Hibiscus tea brewed from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces | Improvement in LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and other blood lipids |
| C | 50 | UV-B-irradiated brown button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, soup | Improved serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status in adults with low vitamin D |
| C | 50 | Frozen farmed Atlantic salmon fillet, 150 g five times weekly | Improved postprandial glucose response in adults with overweight |
| C | 50 | Calcium-fortified UHT milk, 330 mL on each school day | Greater 24-month height growth in 10-year-old girls with low calcium intake and low vitamin D status |
| C | 50 | A single 300 mL serving of nonfermented milk containing only A2 beta-casein | Reduced acute gastrointestinal symptoms in adults who report discomfort after ordinary milk |
| C | 50 | Whole dried dill-leaf powder, 3 g/day | Relief of colonic-motility-related symptoms in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 50 | One gram per day of whole air-dried ground coriander seed | Reduced fasting glucose and LDL in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 50 | Red-meat and white-meat diets matched for saturated fat | LDL and apoB versus nonmeat protein, and red-versus-white meat differences |
| C | 50 | An ultra-processed diet deriving most offered energy from NOVA group 4 foods | Increased ad libitum energy intake and short-term weight gain |
| C | 50 | Replacing animal meat with processed plant-based meat alternatives | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| C | 50 | Forty chews per bite | Reduced ad-libitum energy intake at one meal |
| C | 50 | White rice cooled for 24 hours at 4°C and then reheated | Reduced acute postprandial glycemic response |
| C | 50 | Low-AGE diet emphasizing boiling and steaming | Improvement in circulating AGEs and cardiovascular risk markers |
| C | 50 | Low-glycemic-load, higher-protein diet | Reduction in acne lesions |
| C | 50 | Drinking 500 mL of water 30 minutes before each meal during a hypocaloric diet | Greater 12-week weight loss than a hypocaloric diet alone |
| C | 50 | Alcohol reduction from a baseline of about 62-64 g/day | Lower blood pressure |
| C | 50 | Regular coffee, 100 to 150 mL three times daily after colorectal surgery | Shorter time to first bowel movement |
| C | 50 | Felodipine extended-release 10 mg taken with about 200-250 mL grapefruit juice | A clinically important increase in felodipine exposure |
| C | 50 | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg swallowed with 300 mL milk or yogurt alone | Reduced ciprofloxacin absorption |
| C | 50 | Black tea, either 500 mL with 10% skim milk acutely or consumed with milk for four weeks | Loss of the tea-associated flow-mediated dilation response |
| C | 50 | Curcumin 2 g coadministered with concentrated piperine 20 mg | Increased single-dose peak serum curcumin and systemic exposure |
| C | 50 | Tomato salsa 300 g eaten with avocado 150 g | Increased 9.5-hour plasma TRL exposure to lycopene and beta-carotene |
| C | 50 | Raw vegetable salad eaten with 0, 75, or 150 g scrambled whole egg | Increased 10-hour plasma TRL AUC for total and individual carotenoids |
| C | 50 | Vitamin D3 50,000 IU taken with a meal containing zero or 30% of energy from fat | Higher plasma vitamin D3 concentrations 10 to 14 hours after dosing |
| C | 50 | A single meal of tomato sauce at 3.5 g/kg containing 5% refined olive oil | Six-hour changes in leukocyte adhesion molecules and circulating inflammatory markers |
| C | 50 | Coenzyme Q10 120 mg/day plus purified piperine 5 mg/day for twenty-one days | Higher absolute plasma coenzyme Q10 increase and concentration-time area |
| C | 50 | Mixtures of artificial food colors plus 45 mg/day sodium benzoate | Increased hyperactivity scores in children from the general population |
| C | 50 | The food emulsifier carboxymethylcellulose, or CMC | Altered gut microbiota and metabolites with induction of human intestinal inflammation |
| C | 50 | A 14-day positional device that vibrates in the right lateral position to promote left-side sleep | Relief of nighttime heartburn and reflux symptoms |
| C | 50 | Twice-daily 0.9% saline nasal irrigation after work shifts | Relief of chronic sinonasal symptoms in cement-dust workers |
| C | 50 | Daily dental floss added to toothbrushing | Reduced gingivitis and prevention of long-term periodontal disease |
| C | 50 | Massage combining tactile stimulation and passive limb movement in medically stable preterm infants | Faster short-term daily weight gain during hospitalization |
| C | 50 | Sensor- and smartphone-prompted active microbreaks | Prevention of new neck and low-back pain in pain-free, high-risk office workers |
| C | 50 | An organization-level intervention increasing control over work time and family-supportive supervision | Improved employee sleep duration and sleep sufficiency |
| C | 50 | An organization-level 25% reduction in weekly worktime with preserved salary and replacement staffing | Improved sleep, sleepiness, and perceived stress |
| C | 50 | Adolescents' self-reported everyday digital-technology use | Association with lower psychological well-being |
| C | 50 | A neck-mounted smartphone holder adjusted to keep neck flexion at 0-15 degrees, added to exercise | Reduced nonspecific neck pain and disability in adults with heavy smartphone use |
| C | 50 | Smartphone dual tasks such as texting, reading, or calling while walking | Reduced gait stability |
| C | 50 | Installation of nonpolluting heaters in homes of children with asthma | Reduced asthma symptoms |
| C | 50 | Residential dampness and mold | Increased asthma onset and respiratory symptoms |
| C | 50 | Structured horticultural therapy led by trained practitioners using planting, potting, growing, and garden activities | Reduction of depressive symptoms in adults |
| C | 50 | Long-term workplace use of high heels at least 5 cm high | Increased midfoot pain |
| C | 50 | Fourteen urinary phthalate metabolites | Changes in sperm concentration, total count, motility, and morphology |
| C | 50 | Taking levothyroxine fasting immediately before bedtime | Lower thyroid-stimulating hormone versus dosing 30 minutes before breakfast |
| C | 50 | Low-protein products with protein redistribution during levodopa therapy | Reduced daily motor off time |
| C | 50 | Peanut oral immunotherapy, including standardized peanut-allergen powder | Increased tolerated peanut-protein threshold during an oral food challenge while on treatment |
| C | 50 | Saline nasal irrigation in children | Relief of cold-related nasal obstruction and fewer subsequent upper-respiratory recurrences |
| C | 50 | White noise for newborns and infants | Increased likelihood of falling asleep |
| C | 50 | Probiotics across multiple strains and formulations | Prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in adults |
| C | 50 | Facial gua sha massage | Facial contour improvement and lifting |
| C | 50 | A low-frequency pulsed magnetic therapy system used at bedtime | Improvement of insomnia symptoms |
| C | 50 | Ear-piercing history | Increased nickel contact sensitization |
| C | 50 | Prunes, 100 g per day | Improved complete spontaneous bowel movements and stool consistency in chronic constipation |
| C | 50 | Wedge pillow | Relief of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux symptoms |
| C | 50 | Selenium sulfide 2.5% shampoo | Dandruff reduction |
| C | 50 | Cooling vest during warm-up | Improved 5-km running performance in the heat |
| C | 50 | A 20-minute warm-water footbath at 38-42 degrees C about one hour before bedtime | Improved subjective sleep quality in older adults with sleep problems |
| C | 50 | A toilet footstool (Squatty Potty) that raises the knees above the hips while seated | Less straining, shorter defecation time, and greater sense of complete evacuation |
| C | 50 | Removal of the urethral catheter at 24 hours after TURP in eligible stable patients | Reduced catheter pain, discomfort, and hospital stay |
| C | 50 | Water-based, oil-based, carbamide-peroxide, and other cerumenolytic ear drops | Complete clearance of impacted earwax and reduced need for further removal |
| C | 50 | A complementary-feeding program starting at about 3 months while breastfeeding continued, with nonallergenic foods followed sequentially by milk, peanut, egg, sesame, white fish, and wheat | Longer nighttime sleep, fewer night wakings, and fewer parent-perceived infant sleep problems |
| C | 50 | Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation using the Urgent PC system | Relief of urgency, frequency, urgency urinary incontinence, and quality-of-life impairment in overactive bladder |
| C | 50 | Home transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | Reduced movement-evoked pain in fibromyalgia |
| C | 50 | Original constraint-induced movement therapy combining less-affected-hand restraint with intensive task training | Improved upper-limb performance and real-world use 3 to 9 months after stroke |
| C | 50 | Pre-moistened eyelid-cleansing wipe containing aloe, purslane extract, panthenol, and surfactants | Reduction of blepharitis-associated ocular symptoms |
| C | 50 | Broad-spectrum sunscreen immediately after fractional CO2 laser | Reduced post-procedure pigmentation |
| C | 50 | Uniform-attenuation earplugs worn at a live music event | Prevention of temporary hearing-threshold shift immediately after amplified music exposure |
| C | 50 | Alcohol consumed before sleep under hypobaric conditions resembling a long-haul aircraft cabin | Worsened nocturnal hypoxemia, increased heart rate, and impaired sleep architecture |
| C | 50 | Standardized grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets | Reduced in-season allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and rescue-medication use |
| C | 50 | Tepid sponging alone, without antipyretic medication, for childhood fever | Lower two-hour defervescence than acetaminophen and possible discomfort or shivering |
| C | 50 | A wearable continuous low-level lumbar heat wrap maintained near 40 C | Reduced short-term pain and disability in acute nonspecific low-back pain |
| C | 50 | Early weight-bearing beginning two weeks after operative fixation of an adult ankle fracture | Improved four-month ankle function versus six-week delayed weight-bearing without a clear complication increase |
| C | 50 | Stepped or internet CBT-based tinnitus care combining education, cognitive restructuring, exposure or relaxation, and hearing management | Reduced tinnitus-related distress and functional impairment |
| C | 50 | Teacher- or staff-supervised brushing with fluoride toothpaste on each school day | Reduced increment in new carious tooth surfaces or DMFS among children |
| C | 50 | Immersion of a jellyfish-stung area in 40-45°C water | Faster relief of acute pain than ice packs or other topical measures |
| C | 50 | Rezūm transurethral convective water-vapor thermal therapy | Improvement of moderate-to-severe lower urinary tract symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| C | 50 | Simultaneous abdominal radiofrequency and high-intensity focused electromagnetic treatment with EMSCULPT NEO | Reduced ultrasound-measured abdominal subcutaneous fat thickness and increased rectus abdominis thickness |
| C | 50 | Disposable nasal expiratory positive airway pressure valve, Provent | Reduced apnea-hypopnea index versus a sham valve in obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 50 | Three-day preoperative 5% benzoyl peroxide shoulder wash | Reduced shoulder Cutibacterium acnes skin burden versus 4% chlorhexidine |
| C | 50 | Z-track technique for gluteal intramuscular injection | Reduced medication leakage onto the skin after injection |
| C | 50 | A ClearGuard HD chlorhexidine-coated intraluminal barrier cap replaced at every hemodialysis session | Reduced positive blood-culture rate versus Tego connector plus Curos disinfecting cap |
| C | 50 | A 10-day below-knee cast for severe acute ankle sprain with inability to bear weight | Improved ankle function at three months versus double-layer tubular compression bandage |
| C | 50 | Comprehensive orthogeriatric care delivered immediately after admission in a dedicated geriatric ward | Improved four-month mobility after hip fracture in previously ambulatory older adults |
| C | 50 | A workplace hearing-conservation program with sustained use of hearing protection | Reduced standard hearing-threshold shifts |
| C | 50 | A carbohydrate drink taken the evening before and two hours before elective surgery | Attenuation of immediate postoperative insulin resistance |
| C | 50 | A split keyboard separated to align with forearm and shoulder width | Reduced wrist ulnar deviation while typing |
| C | 50 | Seventy-percent isopropyl-alcohol skin swabbing before insulin injection | Prevention of local or systemic injection-site infection |
| C | 50 | The SB-TEAM program combining school-based telemedicine with directly observed controller therapy | More symptom-free days and fewer emergency visits or admissions in children with persistent asthma |
| C | 50 | A low- or high-pressure natural-rubber tissue flossing band applied to the calf for two minutes | Immediate increase in ankle dorsiflexion range and plantar-flexion isometric torque at 10 degrees of dorsiflexion |
| C | 50 | A photocatalytic micro-mist desktop humidifier operated near the face during a visual display terminal task | Longer noninvasive tear-film breakup time after one hour of screen work |
| C | 50 | Cold cabbage leaves applied twice in addition to usual breast-engorgement care | Short-term relief of pain and hardness from postpartum breast engorgement |
| C | 50 | Swedish-style abdominal massage added to lifestyle advice | Reduced constipation severity over four weeks in functional chronic constipation |
| C | 50 | Three preappointment influenza-vaccine texts saying a dose was reserved | Increased same-day influenza vaccination versus usual care without a study text |
| C | 50 | Ibuprofen 400 mg plus acetaminophen 500 mg taken as needed after third-molar extraction | Reduced postoperative pain versus hydrocodone 5 mg plus acetaminophen 300 mg |
| C | 50 | A dry-mouth pastille containing gum arabic, hydroxyethylcellulose, sodium hyaluronate, and carrageenan | Increased salivary flow and relief of dry mouth |
| C | 50 | Pelviva, a disposable home intravaginal pelvic-floor neuromuscular electrical-stimulation device | Improved female urinary-incontinence symptoms and quality of life |
| C | 50 | Textured insoles designed to stimulate plantar sensory receptors | Improved balance in diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 50 | Glasses with pads containing ethanol extracts of four medicinal plants | Reduced OSDI symptoms in mild dry eye |
| C | 50 | IQP-AE-103, marketed as XLS Medical Pro-7, combining dehydrated okra powder and inulin | Twelve-week weight loss during a hypocaloric diet |
| C | 50 | Combined CPC and essential-oil mouth rinse | Reduced plaque re-accumulation after professional prophylaxis |
| C | 50 | Soft denture liner | Reduced mandibular residual-ridge resorption in complete-denture wearers |
| C | 50 | Smart in-home electronic medication dispenser | Improved medication adherence in adults with chronic conditions and polypharmacy |
| C | 50 | Weekly subcutaneous tocilizumab with a 26-week prednisone taper | Glucocorticoid-free sustained remission at week 52 in giant-cell arteritis |
| C | 50 | Apremilast 30 mg twice daily | Reduced oral-ulcer burden in Behcet syndrome without major-organ involvement |
| C | 50 | Intravenous immune globulin at 2 g/kg every four weeks | Clinical improvement including strength and function in active adult dermatomyositis |
| C | 50 | Oral eltrombopag | Platelet-count response and reduced bleeding in chronic immune thrombocytopenia |
| C | 50 | Vosoritide 15 μg/kg by once-daily subcutaneous injection | Increased annualized growth velocity over 52 weeks in children with achondroplasia |
| C | 50 | Intravenous etelcalcetide | Improved PTH response versus cinacalcet in hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism |
| C | 50 | Sunlight phototherapy filtered to remove ultraviolet and infrared radiation | Bilirubin control noninferior to conventional electric phototherapy in term and late-preterm neonatal jaundice |
| C | 50 | A 22-day tapering course of high-dose methylprednisolone | Recovery of unilateral vestibular function on caloric testing at 12 months after acute vestibular neuritis |
| C | 50 | Skin-care education plus individualized exposure counselling | Improved clinical severity of hand eczema in healthcare workers |
| C | 50 | Oral sodium fluoride 40 mg/day | Slower progression of hearing loss from otosclerosis |
| C | 50 | Palopegteriparatide (TransCon PTH) | Maintained corrected normocalcemia while eliminating active vitamin D and reducing calcium supplementation in chronic hypoparathyroidism |
| C | 50 | Osilodrostat | Maintenance of normalized 24-hour urinary free cortisol in Cushing's disease |
| C | 50 | Mitapivat, an oral red-cell pyruvate kinase activator | Increased week-12-to-24 hemoglobin response in non-transfusion-dependent alpha- or beta-thalassemia |
| C | 50 | Fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Increased stable platelet response in persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia |
| C | 50 | Olezarsen 80 mg, an APOC3-targeted antisense oligonucleotide | Reduced fasting triglycerides at six months in familial chylomicronemia syndrome |
| C | 50 | Three-dimensional printed nasoalveolar molding appliance (D-NAM) | Improved presurgical maxillary-arch morphology in infants with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate |
| C | 50 | Plinabulin compared directly with pegfilgrastim | Noninferior duration of severe neutropenia during cycle 1 of docetaxel |
| C | 50 | Intravenous sodium thiosulfate given six hours after completion of cisplatin | Prevention of cisplatin-induced hearing loss in children |
| C | 50 | Self-assembling peptide P11-4 and a self-assembled peptide matrix | Arrest or regression of early occlusal caries in children and adolescents |
| C | 50 | Roxadustat, an oral prescription HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitor | Noninferior hemoglobin change versus epoetin alfa in dialysis-dependent kidney anemia |
| C | 50 | Once-weekly somapacitan | Noninferior annualized height velocity at week 52 versus daily growth hormone in children with growth hormone deficiency |
| C | 50 | MiniMed 670G hybrid closed-loop system | Increased time in range in adults with type 1 diabetes |
| C | 50 | Cinacalcet | Serum calcium normalization in inoperable primary hyperparathyroidism |
| C | 50 | Burosumab | Radiographic rickets healing in children with X-linked hypophosphatemia |
| C | 50 | Preterm formula powder used to fortify human milk | Noninferiority to commercial human milk fortifier for in-hospital weight-gain velocity in very-low-birth-weight preterm infants |
| C | 50 | Otovent nasal balloon autoinflation | Tympanometric resolution of otitis media with effusion in children |
| C | 50 | PeniMaster PRO penile traction device | Reduction of erect curvature in stable Peyronie's disease |
| C | 50 | Real-time computer-aided detection | Increased adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy |
| C | 50 | Artificial-intelligence ECG screening alert | Increased detection of previously undiagnosed low ejection fraction |
| C | 50 | Loxoprofen sodium hydrogel transdermal patch | Noninferior improvement of myalgia symptoms versus oral loxoprofen |
| C | 50 | Vitamin D3 buccal spray in patients with intestinal malabsorption | Greater serum 25(OH)D increase than the same 1000 IU/day dose in soft-gel capsules |
| C | 50 | Fractional CO2 laser | Improvement in inflammatory active-acne lesion counts versus Nd:YAG |
| C | 50 | Calcipotriol-betamethasone aerosol foam | PGA treatment success versus the same ingredients in gel |
| C | 50 | Patisiran | Improvement in the 18-month mNIS+7 neurologic impairment score in hereditary ATTR amyloidosis with polyneuropathy |
| C | 50 | 10-kHz spinal cord stimulation | At least 50% pain relief in refractory painful diabetic neuropathy |
| C | 50 | H7-coil deep transcranial magnetic stimulation | Reduced six-week YBOCS score in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder |
| C | 50 | Givosiran | Reduced annualized composite attacks in recurrent acute intermittent porphyria |
| C | 50 | Subcutaneous zilebesiran | Change in 24-hour mean ambulatory systolic blood pressure at month 3 in mild-to-moderate hypertension |
| C | 50 | Mipomersen 200 mg by weekly subcutaneous injection | Reduced LDL-C laboratory values in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia |
| C | 50 | Inhaled indacaterol-glycopyrronium LABA/LAMA combination | Fewer exacerbations than salmeterol-fluticasone in COPD with a prior exacerbation |
| C | 49 | L-theanine | sleep and tension relief |
| C | 49 | Ecklonia cava extract (phlorotannins) | sleep |
| C | 49 | Glutamine (L-glutamine) | Gut, exercise recovery, and immunity |
| C | 49 | Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) | Cognition and diabetic neuropathy |
| C | 49 | AHCC (active hexose correlated compound; shiitake mycelial extract) | Immunity |
| C | 49 | SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine) | Relief of depressive symptoms and antidepressant augmentation |
| C | 49 | Polypodium leucotomos extract | Oral ultraviolet protection and erythema reduction |
| C | 49 | Black seed oil (Nigella sativa) | Combined improvement of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids |
| C | 49 | L-ornithine | Hangover and liver-fatigue improvement |
| C | 49 | Persimmon-leaf ethanolic extract | Improvement of dry eye |
| C | 49 | Black raspberry extract (Rubus occidentalis) | Blood-pressure control |
| C | 49 | Pasteurized Akkermansia muciniphila MucT | Weight loss and prevention of weight regain after loss |
| C | 49 | Creatine monohydrate | Relief of major depressive disorder symptoms and adjunctive antidepressant treatment |
| C | 49 | Viviscal AminoMar proprietary marine protein complex | Increased hair density and growth in women |
| C | 49 | Metabolaid lemon verbena and hibiscus blend (proprietary ingredient) | Reduced appetite, body fat, and body weight in adults with overweight |
| C | 49 | Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA fish-oil supplement; dysmenorrhea efficacy axis) | Reduced pain intensity and analgesic use in primary dysmenorrhea |
| C | 49 | Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA; mitochondrial cofactor supplement) | Reduction of body weight and BMI in adults with overweight or obesity |
| C | 49 | Percussive massage gun (a non-drug vibration-based recovery device) | Reduced post-exercise delayed-onset muscle soreness and faster recovery of strength and explosive performance |
| C | 49 | Cumin (Cuminum cyminum, a culinary plant material used as food and in supplements) | Reduced fasting glucose and HbA1c as an adjunct in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 49 | Nicotinamide or niacinamide (high-dose oral supplement) | Improved retinal ganglion-cell function and short-term visual function in glaucoma during intraocular-pressure-lowering treatment |
| C | 49 | WHO Surgical Safety Checklist (patient-safety program) | Reduced postoperative complications, surgical-site infection, and mortality |
| C | 48 | Undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) | Joint pain, function, and flexibility |
| C | 48 | Curcumin (turmeric, curcumin/turmeric) | Anti-inflammatory and joint health |
| C | 48 | Taurine | Fatigue and vitality |
| C | 48 | Aloe (aloe vera; aloe gel/whole leaf/latex must be distinguished) | gut health, bowel movements, and skin health |
| C | 48 | Resveratrol | anti-aging and cardiovascular |
| C | 48 | Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA, alpha-lipoic acid, thioctic acid) | antioxidant, blood glucose, and nerves |
| C | 48 | Melatonin | sleep |
| C | 48 | Green coffee (chlorogenic acids; green coffee bean extract/chlorogenic acid) | Weight loss and body weight/body fat reduction |
| C | 48 | Quercetin | Allergy, antioxidant, and immune effects |
| C | 48 | Cocoa flavanols (cocoa polyphenols) | Cognitive function and vascular/blood-flow health |
| C | 48 | Chlorella (chlorella) | Detoxification, immunity, and cholesterol |
| C | 48 | Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) | Testosterone, strength, blood glucose, and lactation |
| C | 48 | Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) | Anxiety and sleep |
| C | 48 | Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) | Improved bowel movements and increased bifidobacteria |
| C | 48 | Pygeum (African plum tree bark extract) | Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia |
| C | 48 | Red clover isoflavones | Relief of menopausal hot flashes and night sweats |
| C | 48 | Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) | Improvement of menopausal symptoms and female sexual function |
| C | 48 | Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) | Improvement of acute common-cold and bronchitis symptoms and recovery time |
| C | 48 | Lactobacillus-fermented kelp extract | Liver function and liver-marker improvement |
| C | 48 | Wild green oat extract (Neuravena) | Improvement of stress, mood, and focus |
| C | 48 | Lespedeza cuneata extract powder | Improved male climacteric symptoms |
| C | 48 | Phosphatidic acid (PA) | Increased muscle mass and strength during resistance training |
| C | 48 | Lilium lancifolium extract powder | Improvement of joint discomfort and function |
| C | 48 | Evening primrose seed extract (PGG) | Attenuation of postprandial blood-glucose rise |
| C | 48 | Hydroxytyrosol | Reduction of oxidative stress and healthy aging |
| C | 48 | SAMe (S-adenosyl-L-methionine; ademetionine) | Improvement of osteoarthritis pain and function |
| C | 48 | Poly-gamma-glutamic acid (γ-PGA; Bacillus-fermented natto polymer) | Enhanced calcium absorption and bone health |
| C | 48 | Lemon balm-dandelion complex LD100 | Liver health and improvement in liver enzymes |
| C | 48 | Non-micronized single-ingredient diosmin | Relief of venous-insufficiency leg edema, pain, and heaviness |
| C | 48 | L-carnitine | Improvement in sperm motility and the chance of natural conception in male infertility |
| C | 48 | High-polyphenol spearmint extract, Neumentix | Improvement of working memory and attention |
| C | 48 | A complete mixture of all nine essential amino acids | Increased muscle mass and strength during resistance training |
| C | 48 | Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA, Levagen+®) | Shorter sleep-onset latency and improved sleep quality and waking experience |
| C | 48 | elevATP® (a proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extract) | Increased cellular ATP, vitality, exercise energy, and strength |
| C | 48 | Fennel seed extract (Foeniculum vulgare) | Reduced pain and analgesic use in primary dysmenorrhea |
| C | 48 | Oseltamivir (Tamiflu, prescription antiviral) | Shortening influenza symptoms leads to fewer hospitalizations and severe complications |
| C | 48 | Lactoferrin (milk-protein supplement) | Reduction of visceral and abdominal fat and body weight |
| C | 48 | Domperidone (dopamine-antagonist gastroprokinetic used off label as a galactagogue) | Increased milk volume and successful breastfeeding in postpartum women with low milk supply |
| C | 48 | Coenzyme Q10 (mitochondrial quinone antioxidant supplement) | Reduction of subjective fatigue in adults with heterogeneous causes and diseases |
| C | 48 | Glycolic acid (alpha-hydroxy acid used in nonprescription cosmetics) | Improvement of rough texture and fine lines in photoaged skin with topical 5% to 8% use |
| C | 48 | Clonazepam (a long-acting benzodiazepine and controlled prescription medicine; use for RBD is off label) | Reduced frequency and intensity of dream enactment in isolated REM sleep behavior disorder |
| C | 48 | Live multistrain probiotics containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, including synbiotics (dietary supplements) | Improved liver fat, ALT, AST, and liver stiffness in adults with MASLD or NAFLD |
| C | 48 | Oral probiotics, including Streptococcus salivarius K12 and Lactobacillus reuteri, supplied as lozenges or tablets | Reduced organoleptic scores and volatile sulfur compounds in halitosis |
| C | 48 | Curcumin (turmeric polyphenol, oral capsules or powder) | Reduced delayed-onset muscle soreness and accelerated recovery of muscle function when taken around exercise |
| C | 48 | Edible castor oil (ricinoleic-acid-rich vegetable oil, food and nonprescription product) | Promotion of spontaneous labor onset within 24 hours and vaginal delivery after oral ingestion at term or post-term |
| C | 48 | Naltrexone (mu-opioid receptor antagonist; prescription medicine) | Relief of refractory pruritus in cholestatic liver disease |
| C | 48 | High-dose intravenous vitamin C (10-g infusion, marketed as a fatigue-recovery drip) | Reduced temporary fatigue in healthy office workers |
| C | 48 | Oral tranexamic acid (prescription antifibrinolytic used off label for melasma) | Reduction in melasma area and pigmentation intensity |
| C | 48 | Acupuncture (a nonpharmacologic needling procedure at selected points) | Improvement of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms, quality of life, and antihistamine use |
| C | 48 | Yoga (instructor-led exercise program adapted for chronic nonspecific low back pain) | Improved pain and function in chronic nonspecific low back pain |
| C | 48 | Extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for chronic plantar fasciitis, including radial and focused protocols | Improvement of morning first-step pain and function in chronic plantar fasciitis |
| C | 48 | Stellate ganglion block (local-anesthetic injection procedure targeting the cervical sympathetic ganglion) | Short-term relief of overall PTSD symptoms, hyperarousal, and anxiety |
| C | 47 | Ingredients claimed to express aquaporin (AQP3). Representative: glyceryl glucoside. Ingredients that are claimed together but whose cited evidence does not confirm AQP3/skin-moisture matching (such as resurrection plant, aloe, trimethylglycine, etc.) are separated as “claimed but evidence not matched.” | Skin moisture |
| C | 47 | Schisandra chinensis (schisandra) | Fatigue, liver, and antioxidant effects |
| C | 47 | L-tryptophan | Sleep and mood |
| C | 47 | PQQ (pyrroloquinoline quinone) | Energy and cognition |
| C | 47 | Devil's claw root (Harpagophytum procumbens) | Relief of osteoarthritis and low-back pain |
| C | 47 | Apple cider vinegar | Improvement of postprandial glucose, HbA1c, and body weight |
| C | 47 | Purple corn cob and husk extract powder | Improvement of dry eyes |
| C | 47 | Weissella cibaria JW15 | Enhanced immune function and defense against infection |
| C | 47 | Berberine | Obesity treatment and weight loss |
| C | 47 | Ivy leaf dry extract from Hedera helix | Reduced cough frequency and severity in acute bronchitis |
| C | 47 | Arjuna bark (Terminalia arjuna extract capsules) | Improvement of angina symptoms, exercise tolerance, and cardiac function |
| C | 47 | Molecular hydrogen or hydrogen-rich water and generating tablets (dissolved H2 supplements) | Reduced perceived fatigue and blood lactate during exercise with improved endurance |
| C | 47 | Pelvic floor muscle exercise plus manometric biofeedback | Improved erectile function in men with erectile dysfunction |
| C | 46 | Glutathione (oral) | Whitening and skin tone |
| C | 46 | Milk thistle (silymarin) | liver health and fatigue improvement |
| C | 46 | Low-molecular-weight collagen (hydrolyzed collagen peptides) | claims of superior absorption rate and molecular weight |
| C | 46 | Maca (maca; Lepidium meyenii, including gelatinized maca powder/black maca) | Vitality and male function (sexual desire, erectile function, late-onset hypogonadism symptoms, sperm parameters) |
| C | 46 | Soy isoflavones (soy isoflavones; genistein, daidzein, glycitein, etc.) | Menopausal symptoms in women, especially vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes/night sweats |
| C | 46 | Selenium | Antioxidant and immune function |
| C | 46 | Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea) | Fatigue and stress |
| C | 46 | Cordyceps (including C. militaris, C. sinensis/Cs-4, and Cordyceps mycelium culture extract) | Vitality, immunity, and exercise |
| C | 46 | Bilberry extract (anthocyanins/anthocyanosides) | eye fatigue, eye health, vision/night vision, and dry-eye-related claims |
| C | 46 | Chromium (mainly chromium picolinate) | blood-glucose management and dieting/weight loss |
| C | 46 | Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) | Fatigue and anemia |
| C | 46 | Betaine (TMG, trimethylglycine) | Exercise performance and homocysteine |
| C | 46 | Proteoglycan (from salmon nasal cartilage) | Skin and joints |
| C | 46 | Sophora japonica fruit extract | Menopausal women’s health and improvement in the Kupperman Index |
| C | 46 | Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein®) | Memory, executive function, and increased brain magnesium |
| C | 46 | Meso-zeaxanthin | Increased macular pigment, improved contrast sensitivity, and reduced glare disability |
| C | 46 | Freeze-dried Korean black raspberry powder (Rubus coreanus) | Antioxidant activity and reduction of oxidative stress |
| C | 46 | Meratrim, a blend of Sphaeranthus indicus flower and Garcinia mangostana fruit-rind extracts | Reduction in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference |
| C | 46 | Enzymatically modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3, BioBran) | Natural killer cell activation and immune support during cancer treatment |
| C | 46 | Intravaginal boric acid | Treatment of recurrent non-albicans vulvovaginal candidiasis |
| C | 46 | Mirtogenol combination (Mirtoselect bilberry plus Pycnogenol) | Lower intraocular pressure and slowed glaucoma progression |
| C | 46 | Prunes (dried plums) | Maintenance of postmenopausal bone density and prevention of osteoporosis and fractures |
| C | 46 | Tegoprazan (potassium-competitive acid blocker, K-CAB, prescription) | Faster and superior heartburn relief and erosive-esophagitis healing versus proton-pump inhibitors |
| C | 46 | Fexuprazan (potassium-competitive acid blocker, P-CAB, Fexuclue, prescription) | Faster and superior nocturnal heartburn relief and erosive-esophagitis healing versus PPIs |
| C | 46 | Calcium fructoborate, a branded boron ingredient sold as FruiteX-B | Improvement of knee-joint pain and function |
| C | 46 | Tafluprost (prostaglandin F2 alpha analogue eye drops, Taflotan, prescription drug) | Slowing progression of glaucomatous visual-field loss beyond lowering intraocular pressure |
| C | 46 | Testosterone undecanoate (prescription testosterone replacement; Nebido) | Broad improvement in libido, sexual function, and vitality in middle-aged men |
| C | 46 | High-bioavailability curcumin (Theracurmin curcumin, a curcuminoid polyphenol supplement) | Improved memory and attention in middle-aged and older adults without dementia |
| C | 46 | Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis, a phycocyanin-containing microalgal supplement) | Improved aerobic endurance and time to exhaustion in healthy exercisers |
| C | 46 | Psyllium husk, a gel-forming soluble fiber from Plantago ovata used as a supplement or food ingredient | Reduction of body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity |
| C | 46 | Cryolipolysis (CoolSculpting-type non-surgical medical-device procedure) | Reduced localized subcutaneous-fat thickness and circumference on the abdomen, flanks, and similar areas |
| C | 46 | Vaginal hyaluronic acid (topical vaginal gel or cream) | Relief of vaginal dryness, atrophy, and dyspareunia in genitourinary syndrome of menopause |
| C | 46 | Metformin (prescription biguanide glucose-lowering medicine; use for long-COVID prevention is off label) | Prevention of long COVID when started early during acute COVID-19 in adults with overweight or obesity |
| C | 46 | Prednisolone (systemic glucocorticoid, Solondo, prescription medicine) | Reduction of 28-day, 90-day, and one-year mortality in severe alcohol-related hepatitis |
| C | 46 | Low-level laser photobiomodulation (PBM/LLLT; red or near-infrared medical device or procedure) | Short-term improvement in pain and WOMAC disability in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 46 | Pegcetacoplan 15 mg intravitreal injection | Slowed geographic atrophy lesion enlargement in nonexudative age-related macular degeneration |
| C | 46 | Avacincaptad pegol (Izervay, intravitreal injection) | Slowed geographic atrophy lesion enlargement in age-related macular degeneration |
| C | 46 | Cariprazine, an atypical antipsychotic | Reduction of depressive symptoms in bipolar I major depressive episodes |
| C | 46 | Crisaborole 2% ointment, a topical PDE4 inhibitor | ISGA treatment success in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis |
| C | 46 | Intra-articular polynucleotide injection for the knee, including PN or PDRN products | Improved pain and function in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 46 | Cervical traction, including mechanical, manual, and over-door traction, added to exercise | Clinically meaningful improvement in pain and neck-related disability from cervical radiculopathy |
| C | 46 | Four gold kiwifruits daily equivalent: two fresh and two freeze-dried | Shorter duration of cold symptoms |
| C | 46 | Raw unsalted crushed cashews, 30 g daily | Lower systolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 46 | Ground pecans incorporated into prepared meals, about 42.5 g/day | Improved insulin resistance |
| C | 46 | Black-tea beverage, three cups daily | Lower 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults with normal to high-normal pressure |
| C | 46 | Four grams of dried wakame, Undaria pinnatifida, consumed once with rice | Reduction of the acute postprandial glucose rise |
| C | 46 | Cookies providing 5.88 g/day kombu powder boiled for 60 minutes to reduce iodine | Lower blood pressure in adults with overweight |
| C | 46 | One gram of commercial ground cayenne pepper added to food | Reduced appetite and calorie intake at one meal |
| C | 46 | A meat-based diet combining pork, beef, chicken, and fish | Maintenance of serum ferritin and hemoglobin in nonanemic women of childbearing age with low iron stores |
| C | 46 | Culinary sesame oil, 35 g daily | Lower blood pressure in hypertensive men versus the usual diet or existing olive-oil and corn-oil comparators |
| C | 46 | An isocaloric controlled diet containing conventional canola oil | Lower LDL when replacing an oil blend with a Western fatty-acid profile |
| C | 46 | A weight-loss program providing Lean Cuisine frozen portion-controlled lunch and dinner entrees | Greater 12-week weight loss than a self-selected-food program |
| C | 46 | Two liters of mineral water daily with a 25-g/day fiber diet | Increased stool frequency and reduced laxative use in adults with chronic functional constipation |
| C | 46 | Approximately 2 L/day of water added to the usual diet | Improved hydration and elasticity of normal skin |
| C | 46 | 1.5 L/day of carbonated mineral water | Improved functional dyspepsia and early satiety |
| C | 46 | Alkaline water above pH 8 combined with a 90% plant-based Mediterranean-style diet | Improved laryngopharyngeal reflux symptoms |
| C | 46 | One to two drinks/day, defined as beer 356 mL, wine 118 mL, or spirits 42 mL | Maintained bone density and prevention of osteoporosis or fractures |
| C | 46 | Iron-fortified cereal providing 16 mg iron, milk, and two gold kiwifruit eaten together for 16 weeks | Improved iron-storage markers in nonanemic women with low iron stores |
| C | 46 | Raw vegetable salad with dressings containing 0, 2, 4, 8, or 32 g soybean oil | Increased postprandial chylomicron carotenoid AUC and peak concentration |
| C | 46 | Raw vegetable salad with 0.5 g black pepper plus an emulsion containing 8 g canola oil | Higher ten-hour plasma AUC and peak concentrations of total and individual carotenoids |
| C | 46 | High-intensity interval training, commonly three weekly sessions at 85% to 95% of maximal heart rate | Greater improvement in peak oxygen uptake than moderate-intensity continuous training |
| C | 46 | A nightly bath, massage or lotion, and quiet-activity bedtime routine | Improved sleep onset and night waking in children aged 7-36 months |
| C | 46 | Mechanical ventilation that lowers indoor carbon dioxide | Improved simulated decision-making performance in office workers |
| C | 46 | Gratitude lists, journals, or letters delivered as stand-alone psychological exercises one to 28 times over no more than eight weeks | Reduction in depressive symptoms |
| C | 46 | Unguided Headspace mindfulness app with ten minutes daily encouraged and 4.5 months of study access | Reduced stress among patient-facing NHS workers |
| C | 46 | Sitting or walking in a forest, usually a single exposure lasting no more than about two hours | Sustained control of hypertension |
| C | 46 | Nonsurgical periodontal treatment centered on scaling and root planing in people with diabetes and periodontitis | Lower HbA1c and prevention of diabetic complications |
| C | 46 | Added nonsurgical periodontal treatment with scaling and root planing | Reduced rheumatoid arthritis disease activity in patients with coexisting periodontitis |
| C | 46 | A one-session condition silencing incoming call and text notifications and putting the phone away | Fewer sustained-attention task errors |
| C | 46 | Action, non-action, and Tetris-like video-game training | Improved untrained general cognitive ability |
| C | 46 | Longitudinal follow-up of adolescents' reported exposure to violent video games | Increased long-term aggressive behavior |
| C | 46 | Sugar-free chewing gum added to standard care after abdominal surgery | Shorter time to first postoperative flatus |
| C | 46 | Face yoga or facial muscle exercise | Improved appearance of facial aging |
| C | 46 | An abdominal castor-oil pack | Improvement of constipation |
| C | 46 | Tongue cleaner | Reduction of halitosis-related volatile sulfur compounds |
| C | 46 | Water flosser or oral irrigator | Improvement in gingivitis and bleeding indices |
| C | 46 | VERISOL specific bioactive collagen peptides | Increased nail growth and reduced cracking or chipping |
| C | 46 | Oil pulling by prolonged swishing of sesame, coconut, or other edible oil | Reduced gingivitis and dental plaque |
| C | 46 | Seven days of ejaculatory abstinence | Increase in serum testosterone |
| C | 46 | Drug-free hydrocolloid acne patch | Improved appearance and severity of mild-to-moderate inflammatory acne lesions |
| C | 46 | Camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus vapor rub | Relief of nocturnal cold symptoms in children |
| C | 46 | Flurbiprofen 8.75 mg medicated lozenge or troche | Relief of acute sore-throat pain and difficulty swallowing |
| C | 46 | A policy that delays middle- or high-school start time | Longer total sleep on school nights in adolescents |
| C | 46 | Inserting cotton-tipped swabs into the ear canal for cleaning | Increased cerumen occlusion |
| C | 46 | One small desk plant chosen and cared for by the worker, placed beside a computer and viewed during fatigue breaks | Reduced anxiety and stress in office workers |
| C | 46 | 12 SQ-HDM house-dust-mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet, the ACARIZAX/ODACTRA product family | Reduced combined allergic-rhinitis symptoms and rescue-medication use |
| C | 46 | A unilateral inferior punctal plug in prostaglandin-treated glaucoma patients | Improvement in ocular-surface symptoms and tear-film measures |
| C | 46 | Pulling back the syringe plunger to aspirate before intramuscular vaccination | Prevention of intravascular injection with greater safety and less pain |
| C | 46 | Five-minute cleansing of chronic colonized burn wounds with 2% hydrogen peroxide gauze immediately before grafting | Increased percentage of skin-graft take at 21 days |
| C | 46 | A sequential package of counseling, hearing-aid amplification, tinnitus activities treatment, and Widex Zen fractal tones | Reduced distress and functional handicap from chronic tinnitus |
| C | 46 | Nike Vaporfly 4% carbon-plated racing shoe | Faster outdoor approximately 3.5-km time trial than a conventional lightweight racing shoe in recreational runners |
| C | 46 | Six-treatment HydraFacial Clarifying combination procedure | Clear or almost-clear improvement of mild-to-moderate acne |
| C | 46 | 17,000 K blue-enriched white lighting in a daytime office | Improved subjective alertness and nocturnal sleep quality in workers |
| C | 46 | Prescription-matched free eyeglasses delivered directly at school | Improved end-of-year mathematics scores compared with prescription-only access |
| C | 46 | An intranasal filter intended to block inhaled pollen | Reduced nasal symptoms of seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| C | 46 | Daily structured abdominal breathing training | Reduced esophageal acid exposure in gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| C | 46 | A portion-control dinner plate and breakfast bowl calibrated by calories and food groups | Six-month weight loss in adults with obesity and type 2 diabetes |
| C | 46 | A commercially available facial massage roller | Increased facial skin blood flow and heat-induced vasodilation |
| C | 46 | A botanical formula containing lutein ester, zeaxanthin, blackcurrant, chrysanthemum, and goji berry extracts | Reduced digital eye fatigue in adults using video displays |
| C | 46 | Nutrafol Women's Capsules | Hair growth in women with self-perceived thinning hair |
| C | 46 | Pyrrolizidine-alkaloid-reduced comfrey root extract ointment, Kytta-Salbe f | Reduced acute nonspecific upper or lower back pain |
| C | 46 | Caplacizumab added to standard plasma exchange and immunosuppression | Faster platelet response and fewer clinical events in acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
| C | 46 | Novaloc attachment | Improved patient satisfaction with single-implant mandibular overdentures |
| C | 46 | Dual-strain Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289 lozenges | Additional reduction of residual periodontal-pocket depth after nonsurgical periodontal therapy |
| C | 45 | Heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (postbiotics, paraprobiotics, heat-treated cultured bacterial cells) | Superiority claim that they are clinically better than live probiotics |
| C | 45 | Noni (noni, Morinda citrifolia) | Anti-inflammatory and cure-all-style claims |
| C | 45 | Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (Ginkgo biloba; flavonoid glycosides and terpenoids/terpene lactones) | Memory, cognition, and blood circulation |
| C | 45 | Phosphatidylserine (PS) | Cognition, memory, and concentration |
| C | 45 | Calcium (supplement) | Bone health, maintenance of bone mineral density, and fracture prevention |
| C | 45 | Bromelain (pineapple enzyme) | Digestive support and relief of inflammation/edema |
| C | 45 | Ecdysterone (ecdysterone/turkesterone) | Muscle and strength |
| C | 45 | White kidney bean extract (Phaseolus vulgaris) | Inhibition of carbohydrate absorption and weight loss |
| C | 45 | Butyrate salts (butyrate) | IBS abdominal pain and bloating, and improved intestinal barrier |
| C | 45 | Perilla leaf extract | Eye-fatigue relief |
| C | 45 | Whole coffee fruit extract (NeuroFactor/CognatiQ) | Improvement in BDNF, focus, and memory |
| C | 45 | Korean black raspberry extract powder (individually recognized ingredient No. 2010-62) | Improvement of alcoholic liver-injury markers |
| C | 45 | Larch arabinogalactan | Reduction of colds and upper respiratory infections and immune enhancement |
| C | 45 | GlyNAC (glycine plus N-acetylcysteine) | Glutathione restoration, mitochondrial improvement, and reversal of aging |
| C | 45 | Epicatechin | Myostatin inhibition and increased muscle mass and strength |
| C | 45 | Robuvit French oak wood extract | Reduction of oxidative fatigue, resilience, and healthy aging |
| C | 45 | Honeysuckle flower-bud extract GreenCera-F (GCWB104) | Protection of the gastric mucosa and improvement of stomach health |
| C | 45 | Velositol® (amylopectin-chromium complex) | Amplified muscle protein synthesis from protein and increased muscle |
| C | 45 | OxyStorm red spinach extract (Amaranthus tricolor nitrate ingredient) | Increased nitric oxide, exercise endurance, and performance |
| C | 45 | Xylitol chewing gum (sugar-alcohol gum) | Prevention of incident dental caries with long-term use |
| C | 45 | Tamsulosin (alpha blocker, Harnal, prescription medicine) | BPH urinary symptom improvement leading to prevention of acute urinary retention and surgery |
| C | 45 | Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis, omega-rich oil) | Cardiovascular disease prevention through improved LDL cholesterol and triglycerides |
| C | 45 | Magnesium (mineral supplement, depression efficacy axis) | Relief of depressive symptoms and adjunctive support for antidepressant treatment in adults with depressive disorders |
| C | 45 | Nicotinamide (niacinamide, the amide form of vitamin B3) | High-dose supplementation to slow long-term visual-field loss in open-angle or normal-tension glaucoma |
| C | 45 | Modafinil (wakefulness-promoting prescription drug; Provigil; off-label for multiple-sclerosis fatigue) | Improvement of chronic fatigue and fatigue-related daily functioning in people with multiple sclerosis |
| C | 45 | L-carnosine (histidine-containing dipeptide supplement) | Improved depressive symptoms and remission when added to an SSRI in major depressive disorder |
| C | 45 | Creatine monohydrate (a guanidino nutrient used as an oral sports supplement) | Improved HbA1c and postprandial glucose in people with type 2 diabetes receiving exercise therapy |
| C | 45 | Vortioxetine (Brintellix, oral prescription tablet) | Improved cognition, attention, and processing speed in major depressive disorder independently of antidepressant effects |
| C | 45 | Montelukast (prescription 4-, 5-, and 10-mg oral tablets or chewables) | Improved allergic-rhinitis and asthma symptoms in children and adults |
| C | 45 | Home-use red and near-infrared LED mask (630/850 nm) | Small improvement in crow's-feet wrinkle grade |
| C | 45 | Oral magnesium, a mineral supplement supplied in different magnesium salts | Reduction of migraine attack frequency in adults |
| C | 45 | OnabotulinumtoxinA (Botox, prescription masseter and temporalis injections) | Reduced sleep bruxism, clenching, and related jaw pain |
| C | 45 | High-intensity or microfocused ultrasound for nonsurgical facial lifting | Improvement in the appearance of facial laxity and wrinkles |
| C | 44 | Krill oil (phospholipid omega-3) | superior absorption and blood markers versus omega-3 |
| C | 44 | Elastin (hydrolyzed elastin peptides) | skin elasticity and wrinkles |
| C | 44 | Manuka honey (MGO/UMF) | Stomach health, Helicobacter pylori, GERD symptoms, and immunity |
| C | 44 | Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) | sleep and anxiety |
| C | 44 | Nopal/prickly pear cactus (Opuntia, prickly pear, nopal) | Blood glucose, weight loss, and cholesterol |
| C | 44 | Keratin (oral keratin) | Hair and nails |
| C | 44 | African mango (Irvingia gabonensis) | Weight and body fat |
| C | 44 | Bergamot polyphenolic fraction | Improvement in LDL and triglycerides |
| C | 44 | Gymnema sylvestre leaf extract | Reduction of blood glucose and sugar cravings |
| C | 44 | Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid | Improvement in skin elasticity and wrinkles, hair, and nails |
| C | 44 | Sea buckthorn oil (Hippophae rhamnoides) | Dry-eye symptoms and tear-film improvement |
| C | 44 | Sesamin (sesame lignan) | Lipids and blood pressure, and fatty liver and liver enzymes |
| C | 44 | L-lysine | Relief of stress and anxiety |
| C | 44 | Chlorophyllin (distinct from liquid chlorophyll) | Body-odor reduction and detoxification |
| C | 44 | Royal jelly | Fatigue recovery and increased vitality |
| C | 44 | White willow bark extract | Relief of osteoarthritis pain |
| C | 44 | Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) | Improvement in female pattern hair loss and hair growth |
| C | 44 | Theacrine (TeaCrine) | Improvement of alertness, energy, and fatigue |
| C | 44 | D-pinitol | Insulin sensitivity and fasting and postprandial blood glucose |
| C | 44 | Annurca apple extract containing procyanidin B2 | Reduced hair loss and increased hair density and growth |
| C | 44 | Spermidine | Reduction of telogen hair loss and prolongation of anagen |
| C | 44 | NVP-2106 probiotic blend of Limosilactobacillus mucosae NK41 and Bifidobacterium longum NK46 | Improvement in memory and cognitive function |
| C | 44 | Baobab fruit powder (Adansonia digitata) | Suppression of the postprandial rise in blood glucose |
| C | 44 | Urolithin A (Mitopure branded-ingredient supplement) | Improved muscle endurance and exercise performance in middle-aged and older adults |
| C | 44 | Fruitflow water-soluble tomato concentrate (branded ingredient) | Prevention of cardiovascular disease through inhibition of platelet aggregation |
| C | 44 | Oral Aloe vera gel or extract (botanical dietary supplement) | Improvement of fasting glucose and HbA1c in prediabetes or early type 2 diabetes |
| C | 44 | Curcumin (turmeric curcuminoids, a turmeric-derived polyphenol supplement) | Improvement of liver fat and ALT and AST in MASLD or NAFLD |
| C | 44 | Ashwagandha root extract (Withania somnifera, a withanolide-containing adaptogen supplement) | Improved serum testosterone and sexual-function scores in adult men with low desire but normal testosterone |
| C | 44 | Melatonin (an indoleamine sleep hormone used as a supplement or medicine) | Reduced body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity |
| C | 44 | Magnesium L-threonate (Magtein, a supplemental magnesium salt marketed for brain bioavailability) | Improved deep sleep, rapid-eye-movement sleep, and daytime function in adults with nonclinical sleep dissatisfaction |
| C | 44 | Valacyclovir (prescription guanosine antiviral prodrug; Valtrex) | Prevention of recurrent keratitis and iritis with one year of suppressive therapy after herpes zoster ophthalmicus |
| C | 44 | Positional therapy device (vibration sensor, back support, or belt-based non-drug sleep device) | Reduced apnea-hypopnea index and daytime sleepiness in positional obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 44 | Hydroxyzine 25 to 100 mg, prescription oral tablets | Improved sleep onset and sleep maintenance in adults with insomnia |
| C | 44 | Multivitamin-mineral supplement (once-daily oral tablet) | Delayed decline in global cognition and episodic memory in older adults |
| C | 44 | Magnesium chloride (oral 5% solution, 382 mg elemental magnesium daily) | Improved fasting and post-load glucose in adults with both prediabetes and hypomagnesemia |
| C | 44 | Dry needling (a physical-therapy adjunct inserting a needle into myofascial trigger points without injecting medicine) | Reduction of chronic nonspecific neck muscle pain and disability |
| C | 43 | Multivitamin/multimineral | General health, fatigue, and disease prevention |
| C | 43 | 5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) | Mood, appetite, and sleep |
| C | 43 | Aronia (aronia/chokeberry) | Antioxidant, blood pressure, and vascular effects |
| C | 43 | Eleuthero/Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus) | Fatigue, stress, and exercise |
| C | 43 | Goji berry (wolfberry, Lycium barbarum/goji berry) | Eye, fatigue, immunity, antioxidant |
| C | 43 | Lycopene | Cardiovascular, prostate |
| C | 43 | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) | Skin and collagen production |
| C | 43 | Grains of paradise extract (Aframomum melegueta) | Brown-fat activation, increased energy expenditure, and body-fat reduction |
| C | 43 | Resistant starch | Improvement of insulin sensitivity and fasting glucose |
| C | 43 | Pumpkin seed oil | Improvement of urinary symptoms from benign prostatic hyperplasia and male androgenetic alopecia |
| C | 43 | Shilajit | Improvement of testosterone, sperm, and fatigue |
| C | 43 | Urolithin A | Improvement of mitochondrial function, muscle endurance, and age-related muscle function |
| C | 43 | Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) | Improvement in fatty liver and liver enzymes |
| C | 43 | Gardenia-derived crocetin | Improvement of eye fatigue and accommodation |
| C | 43 | Diindolylmethane (DIM) | Estrogen balance and PMS improvement |
| C | 43 | L-carnosine | Anti-glycation and slowing aging |
| C | 43 | Guava leaf extract | Improvement in postprandial glucose and HbA1c |
| C | 43 | Pueraria mirifica | Breast enlargement, estrogen balance, and relief of menopausal symptoms |
| C | 43 | Tart cherry concentrate (Prunus cerasus) | Reduction of uric acid and prevention of gout flares |
| C | 43 | Lumbrokinase, a group of earthworm-derived enzymes | Thrombolysis and prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke |
| C | 43 | R-1,3-butanediol, a ketone precursor | Improved exercise energy and endurance |
| C | 43 | MitoQ® (mitoquinone or mitoquinol mesylate, a mitochondria-targeted TPP+-linked quinone) | Longer healthspan and delayed aging through mitochondrial protection |
| C | 43 | Biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate, DDB (prescription hepatotonic) | Improvement of liver-disease progression and prognosis through ALT normalization |
| C | 43 | Dangjo pepper dried powder (individually approved functional ingredient No. 2023-32) | Suppression of the postprandial rise in blood glucose |
| C | 43 | Modafinil (Provigil; prescription wake-promoting drug) | Improved mental energy, alertness, and focus in healthy people |
| C | 43 | Arachidonic acid (omega-6 fatty-acid sports supplement) | Increased muscle mass, strength, and muscle protein synthesis during resistance training |
| C | 43 | Dileucine (L-leucyl-L-leucine dipeptide, DL-185, supplement) | Increased muscle protein synthesis, lower-body strength, and muscular endurance during resistance training |
| C | 43 | Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L-137, marketed as Immuno-LP20, a non-viable postbiotic | Reduced incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections |
| C | 43 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol; a mitochondrial quinone antioxidant supplement) | Relief of statin-associated muscle symptoms and improved continuation of statin therapy |
| C | 43 | Rhodiola (Rhodiola rosea, rosavin-type adaptogenic herbal supplement) | Induction of response and remission in mild-to-moderate major depressive disorder |
| C | 43 | Saffron extract from Crocus sativus, a botanical supplement containing crocin and safranal | Reduced core inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptoms of ADHD in children and adolescents |
| C | 43 | Saffron extract (Crocus sativus, Satiereal, a crocin- and safranal-related botanical dietary supplement) | Reduced snacking and appetite with modest weight loss in overweight women |
| C | 43 | Omega-3 EPA and DHA (long-chain marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; fish-oil-type supplement) | Slowing biological aging in older adults as measured by DNA methylation clocks |
| C | 43 | Graduated compression garments (elastic compression clothing sold as nonmedical sports products) | Faster recovery of strength and power and less delayed-onset muscle soreness when worn during or after exercise |
| C | 43 | Kinesiology tape (elastic adhesive tape; nonmedical product) | Improvement of pain, walking, and physical function in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 43 | Paraffin bath therapy (superficial thermal rehabilitation treatment or home-use device) | Reduced pain and improved grip strength and hand function in hand osteoarthritis |
| C | 43 | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid, five-day oral prescription tablets) | Increased early sustained recovery in vaccinated high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 |
| C | 43 | Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP, intracavernosal injection procedure) | Clinically meaningful IIEF-EF improvement in mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction |
| C | 42 | Arginine (L-arginine) | fatigue and vitality |
| C | 42 | Spirulina and chlorella | Detoxification and immunity |
| C | 42 | Barley sprout (young barley shoot; Hordeum vulgare L. young barley leaf/sprout) | Diet and liver |
| C | 42 | Iron (for non-deficient ordinary people) | Fatigue |
| C | 42 | Chaga mushroom (Chaga, Inonotus obliquus/Fuscoporia obliqua) | Immune-function enhancement and anticancer/cancer-prevention or adjunct claims |
| C | 42 | Balloon flower root (Platycodon grandiflorus, platycodin/platycodin D-series saponins) | bronchial health, cough, and phlegm |
| C | 42 | Chitosan, including chitosan derivatives/polyglucosamine | Fat absorption inhibition and body fat/body weight reduction |
| C | 42 | Moringa (Moringa oleifera) | Nutrition, blood glucose, antioxidant, and cholesterol |
| C | 42 | Gamma-oryzanol (derived from rice bran) | Cholesterol, menopause, autonomic nervous system |
| C | 42 | Capsinoids (capsiate) | Thermogenesis and body-fat reduction |
| C | 42 | Uridine monophosphate (UMP) | Memory, cognition, and synaptic health |
| C | 42 | Milk basic protein (MBP) | Maintenance of bone mineral density and suppression of bone resorption |
| C | 42 | Licorice glycyrrhizin | Improvement in hepatitis and liver enzymes |
| C | 42 | Modified citrus pectin | Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification |
| C | 42 | NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride) | Improved chronic fatigue |
| C | 42 | L-serine | Improvement in sleep quality and nighttime awakenings |
| C | 42 | Dried Tetraselmis chuii powder | Improvement of dry eye and tear secretion |
| C | 42 | Clinoptilolite zeolite | Heavy-metal adsorption and systemic detoxification |
| C | 42 | Bentonite clay | Gut cleansing and systemic toxin removal |
| C | 42 | Aster glehni extract powder | Improvement of age-related cognitive decline |
| C | 42 | Astragalus membranaceus extract | Immune enhancement and infection prevention |
| C | 42 | Paraxanthine (enfinity®) | Cleaner alertness, endurance, and reaction speed than caffeine |
| C | 42 | Rosemary extract | Improved memory and concentration |
| C | 42 | Taheebo extract (Tabebuia avellanedae, Tabetri®) | Joint and cartilage health and knee discomfort |
| C | 42 | Fermented chestnut inner-shell extract | Reduced body fat and abdominal fat |
| C | 42 | MSM (methylsulfonylmethane) | Improvement of skin wrinkles, elasticity, and hydration |
| C | 42 | L-lysine | Prevention of recurrent herpes labialis and acceleration of lesion healing |
| C | 42 | Camu-camu fruit extract (Myrciaria dubia) | Powerful antioxidant activity and healthy aging |
| C | 42 | Yerba mate extract (Ilex paraguariensis) | Reduced body weight, body fat, and waist circumference |
| C | 42 | Bifidobacterium longum 1714 (probiotic strain, Zenflore) | Reduction of stress and anxiety responses and cortisol |
| C | 42 | AstraGin (a branded ingredient derived from Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus) | Maximized muscle function and exercise effects through increased protein and creatine absorption |
| C | 42 | Citicoline (CDP-choline, Cognizin, dietary supplement) | Improved age-related memory and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults |
| C | 42 | Povidone-iodine gargle or throat spray (Betadine, nonprescription medicine) | Prevention of common-cold or COVID-19 infection and progression to severe disease |
| C | 42 | Alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid (HICA, leucine-metabolite sports supplement) | Increased muscle mass, reduced muscle loss, and enhanced post-exercise recovery |
| C | 42 | Propranolol (nonselective beta blocker, Inderal, prescription medicine; use for performance anxiety is off-label) | Improved subjective anxiety and performance in speaking, examinations, and stage situations |
| C | 42 | Racecadotril (prescription enkephalinase-inhibiting antidiarrheal) | Reduced duration and stool output in pediatric acute watery diarrhea |
| C | 42 | Topical caffeine (scalp shampoo or tonic, cosmetic) | Reduced shedding and improved hair density in male or female pattern hair loss |
| C | 42 | Lactobacillus gasseri BNR17 (breast-milk-derived proprietary probiotic strain used in a product-specific functional food ingredient) | Reduced visceral fat area and waist circumference within 12 weeks in adults with obesity |
| C | 42 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol, a mitochondrial quinone antioxidant supplement) | Reduced facial wrinkles and fine lines and improved skin smoothness after 12 weeks of oral intake |
| C | 42 | Ashwagandha root extract (Withania somnifera, a withanolide-containing adaptogen supplement) | Normalization of TSH, T3, and T4 in asymptomatic or mild subclinical hypothyroidism |
| C | 42 | Saffron extract (Crocus sativus, a crocin- and safranal-containing herbal supplement) | Improved drug-induced erectile dysfunction in men taking fluoxetine |
| C | 42 | Weighted blanket (deep-pressure bedding sold as a nonmedical consumer product) | Improved subjective sleep quality and Insomnia Severity Index scores in adults with insomnia |
| C | 42 | Mosapride (prescription 5-HT4 gastrointestinal prokinetic, marketed as Gasmotin) | Improvement of early satiety, postprandial fullness, and overall symptoms in functional dyspepsia |
| C | 42 | Continuous glucose monitor for people without diabetes (CGM, including FreeStyle Libre-type wearable medical devices) | Reduced postprandial glycemic variability and HbA1c through real-time feedback in healthy adults and adults with prediabetes |
| C | 42 | Theta and delta binaural beats (nonmedical digital sleep content using dichotic auditory frequency differences) | Improved sleep-onset latency, sleep efficiency, and deep sleep in insomnia when listened to before bedtime |
| C | 42 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol 2,000 IU as an oral capsule) | Slowed biological aging by reducing telomere attrition in middle-aged and older adults |
| C | 42 | MED3000 (Eroxon, volatile hydroalcoholic topical gel, nonprescription medical device) | Improved IIEF-EF and intercourse success in men with erectile dysfunction |
| C | 42 | Specific bioactive collagen peptides, marketed as VERISOL | Reduction of thigh cellulite and skin waviness |
| C | 42 | Spirulina 2 g (Spirulina or Arthrospira platensis oral supplement) | Relief of rhinorrhea, congestion, sneezing, and nasal itching in allergic rhinitis |
| C | 42 | Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR, a structured 8-week meditation program) | Reducing generalized anxiety disorder symptoms more than active stress education |
| C | 42 | Oral prednisone (prescription systemic corticosteroid) | Improved function and pain in acute sciatica caused by a herniated disk |
| C | 42 | Therapeutic ultrasound (low-intensity long-duration or physical-therapy ultrasound device) | Improvement of pain and function in knee osteoarthritis |
| C | 42 | Monopolar radiofrequency, including Thermage- and YOUMAGIC-type noninvasive tightening devices | Improvement in the appearance of facial laxity and wrinkles |
| C | 41 | Shiitake mushroom (lentinan, Lentinula edodes/lentinan) | Immunity, anticancer |
| C | 41 | Picrorhiza kurroa (kutki) extract | Improvement in liver function and liver enzymes |
| C | 41 | Honeyberry extract powder | Protection from liver injury associated with metabolic abnormalities |
| C | 41 | Angelica decursiva leaf extract | Improvement of joint discomfort and function |
| C | 41 | Betaine, trimethylglycine, or TMG for liver outcomes | Improvement of fatty liver, liver fat, and liver enzymes |
| C | 41 | Oral glutathione | Liver detoxification, toxin elimination, and improvement in liver enzymes |
| C | 41 | Benfotiamine, also called S-benzoylthiamine | Improved pain and nerve function in diabetic peripheral neuropathy |
| C | 41 | Thymosin alpha 1 (immunomodulatory peptide; prescription injection) | Improved survival and disease-free survival as an adjunct to cancer treatment |
| C | 41 | Fortetropin (fertilized egg-yolk ingredient, YOLKED) | Increased muscle mass and strength and prevention of muscle loss through myostatin inhibition |
| C | 41 | Phentermine (Purimin, prescription sympathomimetic appetite suppressant) | Extension of short-term appetite suppression and weight loss to long-term loss and maintenance |
| C | 41 | Stabilized oxaloacetate (benaGene-type supplement) | Reduced physical and mental fatigue in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome |
| C | 41 | PeptiStrong fava-bean protein hydrolysate (Vicia faba branded ingredient) | Increased strength and muscular endurance when combined with resistance training |
| C | 41 | Korean red ginseng extract (Panax ginseng, a ginsenoside-containing health supplement) | Improved IIEF erectile function and intercourse satisfaction in men with erectile dysfunction |
| C | 41 | Lavender essential oil (Lavandula angustifolia; consumer aromatherapy oil) | Improve sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep quality through inhaled aromatherapy in adults with poor sleep |
| C | 41 | SAMe, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ademetionine, a methyl donor sold as a supplement | Reduced risk of death or liver transplantation in alcoholic cirrhosis |
| C | 41 | L-leucine (a branched-chain essential amino acid sold as a single-ingredient supplement) | Improved muscle mass, grip strength, and walking function in older adults with sarcopenia |
| C | 40 | ABC juice (apple, beet, carrot) and cabbage juice | Stomach health and detoxification |
| C | 40 | Cassia seed (Cassia obtusifolia/Senna obtusifolia seed) | Eyes, constipation |
| C | 40 | Celery seed extract (Apium graveolens seed extract, 3nB) | Blood pressure |
| C | 40 | Boron | Bones, joints, and hormones |
| C | 40 | Squalene (from shark/olive sources) | Skin and immunity |
| C | 40 | Hops (Humulus lupulus) | Sleep and anxiety |
| C | 40 | Fucoxanthin | Reduction in body weight and abdominal fat |
| C | 40 | Hesperidin | Improvement of blood pressure, endothelial function, and venous circulation |
| C | 40 | Alpha-cyclodextrin | Improvement of postprandial triglycerides, LDL, and body weight |
| C | 40 | Salacia reticulata/oblonga extract | Suppression of the postprandial glucose rise |
| C | 40 | Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus) | Functional dyspepsia and Helicobacter suppression |
| C | 40 | Fisetin | Senolytic activity and healthspan extension |
| C | 40 | Ergothioneine | Antioxidant effects and healthy aging |
| C | 40 | D-ribose | Improved fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia |
| C | 40 | DMAE (dimethylaminoethanol) | Improvement in memory and focus |
| C | 40 | Vanadyl sulfate | Improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood glucose |
| C | 40 | Calcium D-glucarate | Enhanced liver detoxification and toxin elimination |
| C | 40 | Cycloastragenol (TA-65) | Telomerase activation and telomere maintenance |
| C | 40 | Cantaloupe melon SOD-gliadin complex (GliSODin) | Antioxidant effects and reduced oxidative stress |
| C | 40 | Molecular hydrogen-generating tablets | Reduced oxidative stress and anti-aging effects |
| C | 40 | American skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) | Relief of anxiety and tension |
| C | 40 | DL-phenylalanine (DLPA) | Improvement of depressive symptoms and mood |
| C | 40 | Fermented amino acid complex | Fatigue reduction during endurance exercise |
| C | 40 | Germinated fermented soybean extract | Relief of menopausal symptoms in women |
| C | 40 | Maitake SX-Fraction (Grifola frondosa) | Improvement in insulin sensitivity and blood glucose |
| C | 40 | Methylliberine (Dynamine®) | Caffeine-free alertness, focus, and exercise energy |
| C | 40 | Blackcurrant anthocyanins | VDT-related eye fatigue and dark adaptation |
| C | 40 | Motherwort (Leonurus japonicus) | Irregular menstruation, menstrual pain, and postpartum uterine recovery |
| C | 40 | Muira puama (Ptychopetalum olacoides) | Improvement of male libido and erectile function |
| C | 40 | Polygala tenuifolia root extract | Improvement of memory, learning, and forgetfulness |
| C | 40 | Cyanidin-3-glucoside-rich black soybean seed-coat extract | Eye fatigue and accommodative function |
| C | 40 | Black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora) | Improved erectile function, libido, and male vitality |
| C | 40 | Low-molecular-weight whey protein hydrolysate containing a five-amino-acid peptide | Improved strength, muscle mass, and resistance-exercise performance |
| C | 40 | Lactiplantibacillus plantarum PS128 | Relief of stress, anxiety, and depressive feelings |
| C | 40 | Diamine oxidase (DAO) | Relief of headache, urticaria, and gastrointestinal symptoms attributed to food-related histamine intolerance |
| C | 40 | Maca (Lepidium meyenii) | Female desire and sexual function, including antidepressant-associated sexual dysfunction |
| C | 40 | HemoHIM herbal extract containing Angelica, Cnidium, and Paeonia | Enhancement of immune function and defense against infection in healthy adults |
| C | 40 | L-ornithine, sleep-efficacy axis | Improvement of sleep quality related to stress and fatigue |
| C | 40 | L-citrulline, erectile-dysfunction efficacy axis | Improvement of erection hardness and sexual function in mild erectile dysfunction |
| C | 40 | Inositol-stabilized arginine silicate (Nitrosigine®) | Improved exercise pump, blood flow, endurance, and recovery |
| C | 40 | PLAG (1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol) | Enhanced immune function in healthy adults |
| C | 40 | Probiotics-fermented garlic extract (individually approved functional ingredient No. 2016-16) | Improved liver enzymes and support for liver health |
| C | 40 | Magnesium malate / malic acid–magnesium (Super Malic, supplement) | Reduced fatigue and pain in fibromyalgia and increased cellular ATP |
| C | 40 | 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL, human milk oligosaccharide supplement) | Improved adult gut microbiota and irritable bowel syndrome symptoms |
| C | 40 | Redensyl (trademarked multi-ingredient active in scalp ampoules) | Reduced hair loss and increased hair density |
| C | 40 | Ursolic acid (apple-peel-derived triterpenoid supplement) | Increased muscle mass and strength during resistance training |
| C | 40 | Zembrin Sceletium tortuosum extract (standardized proprietary ingredient) | Relief of everyday stress and anxiety |
| C | 40 | Oral sheep placenta extract (dietary supplement) | Improved skin elasticity, whitening, regeneration, and anti-aging |
| C | 40 | Ketone monoester (exogenous ketone supplement) | Improved endurance, exercise performance, and recovery through increased blood ketones |
| C | 40 | Cat's claw (Uncaria tomentosa or Uncaria guianensis, dietary supplement) | Relief of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis |
| C | 40 | Calcium pyruvate (dietary supplement) | Weight and body-fat reduction through increased metabolism and fat burning |
| C | 40 | Trimebutine maleate (gastrointestinal motility regulator, Polybutin, prescription or nonprescription) | Improvement of overall irritable bowel syndrome symptoms including abdominal pain |
| C | 40 | Brimonidine ophthalmic solution (alpha-2 agonist eye drop, Alphagan, prescription) | Neuroprotection beyond intraocular-pressure lowering that inhibits visual-field progression in normal-tension glaucoma |
| C | 40 | Cabergoline, a prescription dopamine agonist sold including as Caberactin; sexual-function use is off label | Shortened post-ejaculatory refractory period and multiple orgasms in healthy men |
| C | 40 | Rosemary oil (Rosmarinus officinalis, aromatherapy oil applied to the scalp) | Hair regrowth in androgenetic alopecia through scalp application |
| C | 40 | Green tea extract or EGCG (catechin supplement) | Improved liver enzymes including ALT and AST in MASLD or NAFLD |
| C | 40 | L-carnitine (an amino-acid derivative involved in fatty-acid transport and sold as a supplement) | Reduced mental fatigue in people with hypothyroidism who remain fatigued during levothyroxine treatment |
| C | 40 | Cissus quadrangularis (a Vitaceae plant-extract supplement) | Faster clinical and radiographic fracture union with less pain and swelling when added to fracture fixation |
| C | 40 | L-arginine alpha-ketoglutarate (AAKG, nitric-oxide-precursor amino-acid salt and sports supplement) | Improved bench-press and leg-press maximal strength and repetition performance when taken before exercise |
| C | 40 | Saffron extract (Crocus sativus; crocin-containing botanical extract and supplement) | Lowering intraocular pressure and inhibiting progression when added to existing eye-drop treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma |
| C | 40 | Sodium phosphate as an oral loading supplement | Improved endurance and time-trial performance in trained cyclists |
| C | 40 | LipiFlow thermal pulsation (ophthalmic medical-device procedure) | Improvement of symptoms and tear-film measures in meibomian-gland-dysfunction dry eye |
| C | score not listed | Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) | skin and hair-loss improvement |
D Grade D · 626 · Human evidence is insufficient or was not confirmed in key trials.
| D | 38 | Echinacea (echinacea) | Cold prevention and treatment |
| D | 38 | Acai berry (Euterpe oleracea) | Antioxidant and anti-aging |
| D | 38 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, fat-soluble vitamin supplement) | Prevention of progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes in adults |
| D | 38 | Inositol (myo-inositol or D-chiro-inositol, a sugar-alcohol cell-signaling nutrient supplement) | Reduced BMI and waist circumference and improved weight management in adults with metabolic disorders or polycystic ovary syndrome |
| D | 38 | N-acetylcysteine (NAC, a thiol drug indicated as a mucolytic in Korea; psychiatric use is off-label) | Reduced hair-pulling urges, behavior, and severity in adults with trichotillomania |
| D | 38 | Standardized nitrate-rich beetroot juice (food and sports-supplement beverage) | Improved exercise tolerance, walking or cycling endurance, and dyspnea in patients with COPD |
| D | 38 | Vitamin K2 MK-7 (menaquinone-7, fat-soluble vitamin supplement) | Improvement in fasting glucose and HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes or prediabetes |
| D | 38 | Maralixibat (Livmarli, oral IBAT inhibitor solution) | Relief of cholestatic pruritus in children with Alagille syndrome |
| D | 38 | Microneedling (percutaneous collagen induction with a dermal roller) | Improved appearance of atrophic acne scars |
| D | 37 | Kefir (a fermented milk containing mixed lactic-acid bacteria and yeasts; conventional food) | Improved fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| D | 36 | Pueraria root (kudzu root, Pueraria/kudzu, puerarin) | Menopause and hangover |
| D | 36 | Whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS, a non-drug exercise device and training method) | Improved strength, power, jumping, and sprint performance with short workouts |
| D | 36 | Eyelid warming mask (a moist-heat or steam non-drug eye-care product) | Improved dryness, foreign-body sensation, and tear-film stability in evaporative dry eye caused by meibomian gland dysfunction |
| D | 36 | Active temperature-controlled mattress cover (a water-cooled or heated smart sleep device) | Improved objective total sleep time, deep sleep, and sleep efficiency through nighttime temperature control |
| D | 36 | Menthol mouth rinse at 0.01% to 0.1%, swilled during exercise and expectorated | Improved endurance performance in hot environments |
| D | 35 | Chondroitin (chondroitin, mainly chondroitin sulfate) | Claims for joint and cartilage health, improvement of osteoarthritis pain and function, and maintenance of joint space |
| D | 35 | Probiotics (specific strains) | Atopic dermatitis and eczema |
| D | 35 | Kanna extract (Sceletium tortuosum) | Relief of stress and anxiety |
| D | 35 | Nicotinamide (niacinamide) | NAD+ replenishment and delayed aging |
| D | 35 | Low-dose quetiapine (off-label antipsychotic) | Improved sleep onset and maintenance in primary insomnia |
| D | 35 | Caralluma fimbriata extract (dietary supplement) | Weight loss through reduced appetite and waist circumference |
| D | 35 | Astaxanthin (xanthophyll carotenoid antioxidant supplement) | Improved exercise endurance, performance, and post-exercise recovery |
| D | 35 | N-acetylcysteine (NAC, an oral thiol antioxidant and glutamate-modulating supplement used off label as an adjunct for OCD) | Relief of obsessive-compulsive symptoms measured by Y-BOCS when added to existing treatment in adults |
| D | 35 | Oral zinc (zinc sulfate, gluconate, and other salts; an essential trace-mineral supplement) | Reduced loudness and distress from subjective tinnitus in adults |
| D | 35 | Sleep mouth tape (adhesive consumer product intended to encourage nasal breathing; non-drug product) | Treatment of nighttime snoring and obstructive sleep apnea with improved sleep quality |
| D | 35 | Bates-type eye exercises (device-free vision training) | Reduced myopic refractive power and permanently restored unaided vision through repeated training |
| D | 35 | Hydrochlorothiazide (thiazide diuretic, Dichlozid, prescription drug) | Prevention of clinical and radiologic recurrence of calcium kidney stones |
| D | 35 | Sound-blocking earplugs (foam or silicone sleep products; nonmedical devices) | Improved subjective sleep quality and fewer nighttime awakenings in noisy intensive-care and hospital wards |
| D | 35 | Oral vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol 400 IU; fat-soluble vitamin and nonprescription supplement) | Reduced pruritus and SCORAD severity in mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis |
| D | 35 | L-theanine, a tea-derived amino-acid supplement | Reduction of stress and tension and promotion of subjective relaxation |
| D | 35 | High-dose zinc gluconate oral supplement | Shortened symptom duration in early COVID-19 |
| D | 35 | Intense pulsed light therapy (IPL, ophthalmic procedure) | Improved tear-film measures and symptoms in dry eye due to meibomian gland dysfunction |
| D | 35 | Alternate-day fasting (25% of baseline energy on fast days and 125% on feast days) | Greater and easier-to-maintain weight loss than daily calorie restriction |
| D | 35 | HEPA air purifier (household environmental intervention) | Relief of house-dust-mite allergic rhinitis symptoms |
| D | 34 | Vitamin D | immunity and prevention of acute respiratory infections |
| D | 34 | Glucosamine | joint (knee) pain and function improvement |
| D | 34 | Nattokinase (nattokinase, fibrinolytic enzyme derived from Bacillus subtilis natto) | Blood clots and blood circulation |
| D | 34 | Glucomannan (konjac) | Weight loss and satiety |
| D | 34 | Mistletoe (Viscum album) | Immunity, blood pressure, and anticancer effects (adjunctive therapy) |
| D | 34 | Aquamin marine-algae multimineral from Lithothamnion | Increased bone mineral density and prevention of fractures |
| D | 34 | Dioctahedral smectite (diosmectite), a nonprescription intestinal adsorbent silicate marketed as Smecta | Shorter recovery time from acute watery diarrhea in adults |
| D | 34 | Calcitonin salmon nasal spray (antiresorptive peptide prescription drug) | Prevention of new vertebral fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis |
| D | 34 | Citicoline or CDP-choline (phospholipid precursor, supplement and medicine in some countries) | Adjunctive inhibition of glaucomatous visual-field progression during pressure-lowering treatment |
| D | 34 | Dihexa (PNB-0408, research-use peptide-like compound marketed for oral use) | Enhanced memory and concentration in healthy adults by promoting synaptogenesis |
| D | 34 | Graduated compression stockings (15–30 mmHg consumer-available compression medical device) | Relief of leg fatigue, discomfort, and edema in healthy people who stand for prolonged periods at work |
| D | 34 | Abdominal electrical muscle stimulation belt (abdominal EMS/NMES, low-frequency muscle stimulator, non-drug device) | Reduced body weight, abdominal fat, and waist circumference without exercise or dietary change |
| D | 34 | Pulsed electromagnetic field device (PEMF; non-drug wellness or rehabilitation device) | Improved pain, stiffness, and physical function in knee osteoarthritis |
| D | 34 | Astaxanthin (an oral xanthophyll carotenoid supplement derived from microalgae) | Improved exercise endurance and faster recovery from muscle damage and fatigue |
| D | 34 | Ginger root extract (Zingiber officinale, a gingerol- and shogaol-containing supplement) | Reduced weight, body fat, and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 34 | Sodium citrate (extracellular buffering alkali salt, sports supplement) | Improved repeated high-intensity exercise and sport performance after pre-exercise loading |
| D | 34 | Hearing-aid-based hearing intervention (prescription or over-the-counter air-conduction hearing-assistance device) | Prevention of cognitive decline and dementia in older adults with hearing loss |
| D | 34 | Time-restricted eating (8-hour eating window and 16-hour fast) | Greater weight loss than a usual eating schedule without separate calorie restriction |
| D | 34 | Single-dose oral dexamethasone, a prescription corticosteroid | Complete resolution of acute sore throat within 24 hours without antibiotics |
| D | 34 | Tamsulosin (prescription alpha-1 blocker) | Facilitation of spontaneous passage of ureteral stones 5 mm or smaller |
| D | 34 | Lumbar support (back belt or occupational low-back brace) | Prevention of low back pain incidence and related sick leave in physical workers |
| D | 34 | Intensive insulin glucose control in critical illness (target 81 to 108 mg/dL strategy) | Reduction of 90-day and in-hospital mortality in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Graduated elastic compression stockings (knee-length 30-to-40-mmHg medical device) | Prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome after a first proximal deep-vein thrombosis |
| D | 34 | Intensive lifestyle intervention (Look AHEAD-style calorie restriction, exercise, and behavioral counseling for weight loss) | Prevention of major cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes |
| D | 34 | Single invitation to prostate-specific antigen screening | Reduction in prostate-cancer mortality among average-risk men |
| D | 34 | Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist | Shortened symptoms and duration of adult postinfectious cough |
| D | 34 | Robot-assisted upper-limb training using the MIT-Manus repetitive-rehabilitation system | Superior arm-function recovery after stroke compared with usual rehabilitation |
| D | 34 | Long-term opioid analgesic strategy using stepped prescription medication management | Superior long-term pain-related function versus a nonopioid strategy for chronic back or hip or knee osteoarthritis pain |
| D | 34 | Implantable loop recorder screening with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation detection | Prevention of stroke or systemic arterial embolism in older adults at elevated stroke risk |
| D | 34 | Incentive spirometry, a self-administered postoperative deep-inspiration device | Prevention of postoperative hypoxemia, atelectasis, pneumonia, and other pulmonary complications |
| D | 34 | Pediatric adenotonsillectomy | Improved attention and executive function in children with sleep-disordered breathing |
| D | 34 | Intra-aortic balloon pump, or IABP, for mechanical counterpulsation support | Reduced 30-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock undergoing early revascularization |
| D | 34 | Early goal-directed therapy, a six-hour protocol targeting central venous pressure and central venous oxygen saturation | Reduced 90-day mortality in septic shock versus contemporary usual care |
| D | 34 | Sacubitril/valsartan, the prescription angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor Entresto | Reduction in cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization, or outpatient heart failure after acute myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | New initiation of statin therapy in maintenance hemodialysis, including rosuvastatin and atorvastatin | Reduction in cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke |
| D | 34 | Routine early percutaneous coronary intervention added to optimal medical therapy for stable coronary disease | Prevention of death and myocardial infarction in stable coronary artery disease |
| D | 34 | Whole bok choy | Prevention of incident type 2 diabetes |
| D | 34 | Green leafy vegetables as a group | Slower cognitive decline and prevention of dementia |
| D | 34 | Sunflower-seed-containing food, 25 g/day | Improved acne |
| D | 34 | Decaf 5-hour Energy low-caffeine shot, one 57-mL bottle | Five-hour alertness, mental energy, and cognitive enhancement independent of caffeine |
| D | 34 | Olive-oil canned sardines, 100 g twice weekly | Metabolic-risk markers and one-year diabetes incidence in older adults with prediabetes |
| D | 34 | Frozen cod fillets, 200 g twice weekly from gestational weeks 20 to 36 | Improved infant cognitive, language, and motor development at 11 months |
| D | 34 | Mixed intake of lean and oily fish | Prevention of incident rheumatoid arthritis |
| D | 34 | Nonfermented milk without complete separation by fat content | Prevention of total and hip fractures in adults |
| D | 34 | Whole eggs including yolk, up to about one per day in usual diets | Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease |
| D | 34 | Unsalted butter, 50 g daily | No worse effect on LDL than olive or coconut oil |
| D | 34 | Diet sodas and low-calorie drinks grouped as artificially sweetened beverages | Prevention of incident type 2 diabetes |
| D | 34 | Commercial pure fruit juice with no added sugar | Increased incidence of type 2 diabetes |
| D | 34 | Advice to skip breakfast and consume no calories before 11 am | Weight gain or impaired weight loss over 16 weeks |
| D | 34 | WHI low-fat dietary pattern | Reduced invasive breast-cancer incidence in postmenopausal women |
| D | 34 | MIND dietary pattern | Prevention of cognitive decline |
| D | 34 | Alcohol at roughly zero to two drinks per day | Prevention of coronary heart disease |
| D | 34 | Regular coffee above 1,400 g per day, about six 237-mL cups or 1.4 L | Prevention of incident invasive colon cancer |
| D | 34 | Switching from caffeinated to decaffeinated instant coffee before 20 weeks' gestation, reducing total caffeine by a mean 182 mg/day | Higher birth weight and longer gestation |
| D | 34 | Weekend-warrior activity concentrating recommended weekly exercise into one or two sessions | Whether all-cause mortality differs from activity spread over three or more sessions |
| D | 34 | Approximately 8.5 to 12.5 sedentary hours per day | Mortality risk as large as smoking and not attenuated by exercise |
| D | 34 | Weekend catch-up sleep of more than 0 to under 1 hour, 1 to under 2 hours, or at least 2 hours above weekday sleep | Prevention of all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular disease |
| D | 34 | Intensive nonsurgical periodontal therapy with follow-up in patients with cardiovascular disease and periodontitis | Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | Second-trimester nonsurgical periodontal treatment with scaling, root planing, and oral-hygiene care | Prevention of birth before 37 weeks in pregnant patients with periodontitis |
| D | 34 | Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment codes in health-care records | Increased incidence of rheumatoid arthritis |
| D | 34 | Long-term rotating night-shift history, defined as at least three nights per month plus day or evening shifts | Increased incidence of invasive breast cancer |
| D | 34 | Self-reported habit of carrying an active mobile phone in a front pants pocket | Lower fecundability and worse semen parameters |
| D | 34 | Personal use of permanent hair dye | Higher incidence of hematopoietic cancer |
| D | 34 | Bra wearing | Higher breast-cancer incidence |
| D | 34 | Provision and use of alcohol hand sanitizer added to school hand-hygiene education | Prevention of respiratory-illness absence in children |
| D | 34 | Taking the full daily dose of usual antihypertensive medication at bedtime | Reduced major cardiovascular events versus dosing on awakening |
| D | 34 | Physician-pharmacist medication optimization using STOPP/START and STRIPA | Reduction of 12-month drug-related hospital admission in inpatients aged 70 or older with multimorbidity and polypharmacy |
| D | 34 | Ten sessions of adaptive dual-attention speed-of-processing cognitive training | Reduction of claims-diagnosed dementia over 20 years in initially healthy adults aged 65 or older |
| D | 34 | A guideline, education, leadership, and onsite-support bundle to reduce physical restraints in nursing homes | The claim that physical restraints prevent falls and fall-related fractures |
| D | 34 | Expanded use of hospital bed and chair exit alarms | Reduced inpatient falls and injurious falls |
| D | 34 | Endometrial scratching with a Pipelle biopsy catheter before in vitro fertilization | Increase in live birth per randomized woman |
| D | 34 | Habitual knuckle cracking | Increased hand osteoarthritis |
| D | 34 | Liberal red-cell transfusion strategy | Reduction in 30-day death or recurrent myocardial infarction versus restrictive transfusion in acute MI with anemia |
| D | 34 | Four-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, 4CMenB or Bexsero | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea in high-risk men |
| D | 34 | Early venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | Reduction of 60-day mortality in very severe acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| D | 34 | Early 48-hour continuous cisatracurium neuromuscular blockade | Reduction of 90-day in-hospital mortality in moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome |
| D | 34 | High-dose extended-release niacin added to statin therapy | Reduction in major cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | Endometrial receptivity testing used to personalize embryo-transfer timing | Increase in live birth |
| D | 34 | N95 respirators versus medical masks | Prevention of influenza among healthcare personnel |
| D | 34 | Balanced crystalloids | Lower mortality than saline in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Conservative oxygen target | Lower all-cause mortality in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Earlier, higher-dose ICU mobilization | Survival, discharge, and adverse events |
| D | 34 | Fresh lemon juice 60 mL twice daily, providing about 6 g citric acid daily | Prevention of two-year recurrent idiopathic calcium oxalate stones |
| D | 34 | Early aggressive goal-directed fluid resuscitation for acute pancreatitis | Improved clinical outcomes and fluid overload |
| D | 34 | Time-lapse incubation and morphokinetic embryo selection | Increased live birth after IVF or ICSI |
| D | 34 | Combined ACE inhibitor and angiotensin-receptor blocker therapy | Greater renal protection than monotherapy in chronic kidney disease |
| D | 34 | Adaptive servo-ventilation added to guideline-based heart-failure therapy | Reduced mortality and cardiovascular events in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| D | 34 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| D | 34 | Night-time earplugs | Reduced incidence of strict ICU delirium |
| D | 34 | Powered alternating-pressure air mattress with cyclic inflation and deflation of air cells | Reduced new category 2 or worse pressure ulcers in high-risk acutely ill inpatients |
| D | 34 | Removing the dressing within 12 hours and bathing normally after primary closure of a minor skin excision | No greater wound-infection risk than keeping the wound dry and covered for 48 hours |
| D | 34 | Topical intranasal tranexamic acid 100 mg/mL delivered on a cotton dental roll | Reduced need for anterior nasal packing in adults with emergency-department epistaxis |
| D | 34 | An 18-month workplace wellness package combining nutrition, physical activity, weight management, stress reduction, health assessment, biometrics, and small incentives | Improved employee health with lower absenteeism, medical spending and use, and better work performance |
| D | 34 | A comprehensive COPD self-management program combining education, an exacerbation action plan, and scheduled case-management calls | Reduced COPD-related hospitalization |
| D | 34 | Low-level amber LED arrays outlining the bathroom or entry doorframe as seen from the bed | Reduced nighttime falls among assisted-living residents with dementia |
| D | 34 | Temporary transport of an avulsed permanent tooth in milk before dental care | Improved long-term survival and functional replantation success versus tap water, saline, or dry storage |
| D | 34 | Irrigation of a simple emergency-department laceration with potable tap water | No increase in post-closure wound infection versus sterile normal saline |
| D | 34 | Structured professional oral care in nursing homes | Prevention of pneumonia among nursing-home residents |
| D | 34 | A physiotherapist-prescribed individualized home exercise program soon after hospital discharge | Improved mobility while reducing falls in older adults |
| D | 34 | A donut-shaped cushion placed beneath the sacrum | Prevention of pressure injuries |
| D | 34 | A strategy of transfusing fresher, shorter-stored red blood cells | Reduced 90-day all-cause mortality versus standard-issue red cells in critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding in advanced dementia | Prevention of new pressure ulcers or improved healing of existing pressure ulcers |
| D | 34 | Early enteral nutrition in critically ill adults | Reduced 28- to 30-day mortality compared with early parenteral nutrition |
| D | 34 | An online skin-care behavior program with personal and ward moisturizers | Prevention of occupational hand dermatitis in nurses |
| D | 34 | LUCAS automated mechanical chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Increased survival and survival with favorable neurologic outcome versus standard manual compression |
| D | 34 | Personalised cooler dialysate set 0.5 to 0.9 degrees C below predialysis body temperature | Reduction in cardiovascular death or hospitalization for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or heart failure |
| D | 34 | Frequent, higher-dose out-of-bed mobilisation started within 24 hours after stroke in addition to usual stroke-unit care | Increase in favorable three-month functional outcome, modified Rankin Scale 0 to 2 |
| D | 34 | A single 1,000-mg infusion of ferric carboxymaltose 10 to 42 days before major open abdominal surgery | Reduction in transfusion or death and in transfusion episodes through 30 days after surgery |
| D | 34 | Triclosan-coated surgical sutures | Reduction of surgical-site infection versus otherwise equivalent uncoated sutures |
| D | 34 | Extended-release metoprolol newly started immediately before non-cardiac surgery | Safe prevention of cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | Silver-alloy hydrogel-coated short-term indwelling urethral catheter | Reduced symptomatic urinary tract infection versus standard PTFE-coated catheter |
| D | 34 | Routine prophylactic pelvic suction drainage after rectal cancer excision with low infraperitoneal anastomosis | Prevention of pelvic sepsis within 30 days |
| D | 34 | Routine gastric residual-volume measurement every six hours during early enteral feeding in mechanically ventilated adults | Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia within 90 days |
| D | 34 | Early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation for adults with moderate-to-severe ARDS | Reduced short-term all-cause mortality versus contemporary lung-protective conventional ventilation |
| D | 34 | Repeated catheter clamping as bladder training before removal of an indwelling urinary catheter | Improved trial-without-catheter success and prevention of recatheterization |
| D | 34 | Picaridin lotion added to long-lasting insecticidal nets | Reduced PCR-confirmed malaria infection among residents of an endemic area |
| D | 34 | Progressive exercise rehabilitation started within 48 hours of acute respiratory admission | Reduced 12-month readmission and mortality |
| D | 34 | Intracranial arterial stenting added to aggressive medical therapy | Reduced recurrent stroke in severe symptomatic intracranial stenosis |
| D | 34 | An i-gel-first strategy for initial advanced airway management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Better functional recovery at discharge or 30 days than with a tracheal-intubation-first strategy |
| D | 34 | A stand-alone HARP program in which an occupational therapist assesses and removes or modifies home fall hazards | Lower hazard of a first fall over 12 months in high-risk community-dwelling older adults |
| D | 34 | Sericin-free antimicrobial silk garments worn day and night in addition to standard care | Improved EASI severity in moderate-to-severe childhood atopic eczema |
| D | 34 | A post-myocardial-infarction prophylactic arrhythmia-suppression strategy using encainide/flecainide or pure d-sotalol | Prevention of sudden death by suppressing ventricular ectopy |
| D | 34 | Addition of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter to standard anticoagulation | Reduced three-month symptomatic pulmonary-embolism recurrence in anticoagulatable severe acute pulmonary embolism |
| D | 34 | Oral gabapentin titrated to a maximum of 2,700 mg daily | Reduced chronic pelvic pain in women without obvious pelvic pathology |
| D | 34 | Adding platelet transfusion after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in patients taking antiplatelet therapy | Reduced death or dependence at three months |
| D | 34 | Perioperative aspirin, 200 mg before noncardiac surgery followed by 100 mg daily | Prevention of 30-day death or nonfatal myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | An early complex occupational-medicine add-on intervention | Reduced six-month cumulative low-back-pain sick leave in workers with physically demanding jobs |
| D | 34 | Emergency-department resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta added to standard care | Improved 90-day survival in trauma patients with life-threatening torso hemorrhage |
| D | 34 | Parathyroidectomy | Prevention of death and major disease in mild primary hyperparathyroidism |
| D | 34 | Negative-pressure wound therapy applied to open surgical wounds | Shorter time to complete epithelialization in surgical wounds healing by secondary intention |
| D | 34 | Lying-flat head position for 24 hours after acute stroke | Reduced 90-day disability versus sitting up at 30 degrees or more |
| D | 34 | Addition of nitrous oxide to general anesthesia for high-risk noncardiac surgery | No increase in major cardiovascular events, but increased severe nausea and vomiting |
| D | 34 | Restrictive fluid therapy | Reducing disability and complications after major abdominal surgery |
| D | 34 | Early tracheostomy within four days of ICU admission | Reduced 30-day mortality in adults expected to require prolonged mechanical ventilation |
| D | 34 | Energy-dense enteral nutrition at 1.5 kcal/mL | Reduced 90-day mortality in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults |
| D | 34 | Initial trophic versus full-goal enteral feeding during the first six days of mechanical ventilation | More ventilator-free days and lower mortality in acute lung injury |
| D | 34 | Levothyroxine 50 micrograms daily started before conception | Increased live birth in euthyroid women positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies |
| D | 34 | Five intravenous doses of high-dose epoetin alfa 1000 IU/kg added to therapeutic hypothermia | Reduced death or neurodevelopmental disability in moderate or severe neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy |
| D | 34 | Switching from hydrochlorothiazide to chlorthalidone | Reduced major nonfatal cardiovascular events or noncancer death |
| D | 34 | Six 50 g doses of activated charcoal given every 4 hours | Reduced in-hospital mortality after acute intentional self-poisoning |
| D | 34 | Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) | Superior three-month uncorrected distance visual acuity versus phacoemulsification |
| D | 34 | Total hip arthroplasty | Reduced reoperation within two years versus hemiarthroplasty for displaced femoral-neck fracture |
| D | 34 | Oral prednisolone | Hearing recovery in children with persistent otitis media with effusion |
| D | 34 | Single preoperative doxycycline 400 mg plus metronidazole 400 mg | Prevention of pelvic infection within 14 days after miscarriage surgery |
| D | 34 | Oxycodone-, hydrocodone-, or codeine-acetaminophen combination analgesics | Superior two-hour analgesia versus ibuprofen-acetaminophen for acute extremity pain in the emergency department |
| D | 34 | One year of postdischarge specialized mood-disorder clinic care | Delayed first psychiatric readmission after hospitalization for severe unipolar depression |
| D | 34 | Forty intravenous edetate disodium-based chelation infusions | Reduced major cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and prior myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | Inhaled fluticasone furoate-vilanterol ICS/LABA combination | Improved overall survival in moderate COPD with heightened cardiovascular risk |
| D | 34 | Upper-limb remote ischemic preconditioning using a blood-pressure cuff | Reduced death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other major events after cardiac surgery |
| D | 33 | Black cohosh (black cohosh, Cimicifuga/Actaea racemosa) | Menopausal symptoms (hot flashes) |
| D | 33 | Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum cassia or C. verum; polyphenol-containing botanical supplement) | Clinically meaningful reductions in weight, BMI, and body fat in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 33 | Highly mineralized alkaline water (a consumer alkaline bottled water product with pH 9 or higher) | Better hydration status, lactate recovery, and anaerobic performance during exercise than regular bottled water |
| D | 33 | Coffee, a conventional food beverage containing caffeine and chlorogenic-acid polyphenols | Prevention of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma through long-term consumption |
| D | 32 | Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) | Dry eye disease |
| D | 32 | Dandelion (Taraxacum) | Liver, diuretic effect, and digestion |
| D | 32 | Zinc | Prostate, sperm, and male reproduction |
| D | 32 | Medium-chain triglyceride oil | Improved endurance and exercise energy |
| D | 32 | Tocotrienols | Reduction in LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular protection |
| D | 32 | Lacticaseibacillus paracasei Lpc-37® | Reduced stress and anxiety and a steadier mood |
| D | 32 | Trazodone (prescription serotonin-modulating antidepressant; Trittico) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep quality in chronic insomnia among adults without depression |
| D | 32 | Omega-3 fatty acids (fish-oil-derived EPA and DHA supplements) | Improvement of liver fat, liver enzymes, and histology in MASLD or NAFLD |
| D | 32 | Boswellia serrata (a boswellic-acid triterpene herb used as a supplement) | Induction of clinical remission in active ulcerative colitis or chronic colitis |
| D | 32 | Moringa oleifera leaf (a polyphenol-containing herbal supplement) | Reduced body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 32 | Peppermint essential oil (menthol-rich aroma, nonmedicinal product) | Short-term alertness and relief of mental fatigue through aroma inhalation |
| D | 32 | Light-blocking eye mask (a nonmedical sleep accessory) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and subjective sleep quality in adults by blocking light |
| D | 32 | Topical caffeine shampoo (a methylxanthine-containing cosmetic or nonprescription hair-loss product) | Reduced shedding and improved growth or density in male and female pattern hair loss |
| D | 32 | Dawn-simulation sunrise alarm (non-drug light-stimulation sleep device) | Improved sleep inertia, post-waking sleepiness, and alert performance in adults with difficulty waking |
| D | 32 | Glucosamine sulfate (oral joint supplement and medicine in some countries) | Improvement of chronic low back pain and disability associated with degenerative lumbar disease |
| D | 32 | Folic acid, the synthetic supplemental form of vitamin B9 | Prevention of new polyp or adenoma recurrence after colorectal adenoma removal |
| D | 32 | Acupuncture for labour induction (acupoint stimulation at term or post-term) | Promotion of spontaneous labour and reduction of medical induction |
| D | 31 | Coleus forskohlii extract (forskolin) | Reduction of body fat and body weight |
| D | 31 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol supplement) | Improve aerobic, anaerobic, and strength performance in healthy exercisers |
| D | 31 | Fresh green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa, an ordinary food containing serotonin and antioxidant compounds) | Improved sleep onset, sleep duration, and sleep efficiency when adults with sleep difficulty eat two fruits one hour before bedtime |
| D | 31 | Bite-aligning performance mouthguard (sports equipment) | Improved strength, power, and agility by optimizing jaw position and clenching |
| D | 31 | Capsaicin or cayenne extract (vanilloid chili constituent; food and supplement) | Reduction of body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 31 | Chia seed (Salvia hispanica, a food or supplement containing fiber and alpha-linolenic acid) | Improved fasting glucose and HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes or overweight |
| D | 31 | Boswellia serrata (an oral frankincense extract supplement containing boswellic acids) | Reduced asthma attacks, dyspnea, and wheeze with improved lung function |
| D | 31 | Choline-stabilized orthosilicic acid (ch-OSA, a bioavailable silicon complex sold in supplements such as BioSil) | Improved bone formation and femoral bone density when added to calcium and vitamin D in women with osteopenia |
| D | 31 | Electroacupuncture (acupuncture with electrical stimulation, a Korean medicine procedure) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and insomnia severity in adults with chronic insomnia |
| D | 30 | Cissus quadrangularis | body weight and body fat reduction |
| D | 30 | High-dose vitamin C (megadose; ascorbic acid, oral/IV separated) | cold prevention and anticancer claims (cold occurrence prevention, cold treatment/duration shortening, cancer prevention, cancer treatment/adjuvant therapy separated by efficacy) |
| D | 30 | Spermidine | Aging, autophagy, and cognition |
| D | 30 | Phosphatidylcholine/lecithin | Cognition and liver |
| D | 30 | Pterostilbene | Antioxidant effects and healthspan extension |
| D | 30 | 7-Keto-DHEA | Increased thermogenesis and metabolic rate and reduced body fat |
| D | 30 | Red raspberry leaf (Rubus idaeus) | Shorter labor, uterine health, and menstrual-pain relief |
| D | 30 | Sea buckthorn berry oil | Relief of postmenopausal vaginal dryness and mucosal atrophy symptoms |
| D | 30 | Highly branched cyclic dextrin | Superior endurance, recovery, and gastrointestinal comfort versus ordinary carbohydrates |
| D | 30 | Limosilactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 | Increased testosterone and vitality in middle-aged men |
| D | 30 | Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) | Reduced body weight and body fat through satiety |
| D | 30 | Guarana seed extract (Paullinia cupana) | Longer-lasting energy than caffeine and improvement of chronic fatigue |
| D | 30 | Donepezil (cholinesterase inhibitor; Aricept; prescription) | Prevention of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer disease |
| D | 30 | Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588 probiotic | Improvement of abdominal pain and bowel symptoms in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome |
| D | 30 | Mirtazapine (prescription antidepressant marketed as Remeron) | Long-term improvement of chronic insomnia in adults without depression |
| D | 30 | Dydrogesterone (prescription oral progestogen; Duphaston) | Prevention of miscarriage and increase in live birth across women with threatened miscarriage |
| D | 30 | Açaí berry (superfood supplement) | Body-weight and body-fat reduction and rapid dieting |
| D | 30 | Chlorpheniramine (first-generation H1 antihistamine, nonprescription medicine; sleep use is off label) | Improved sleep onset and restorative sleep through sedation and drowsiness |
| D | 30 | Pomegranate juice or concentrate (polyphenol-rich fruit-juice food or supplement) | Improvement of erectile function and IIEF in men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction |
| D | 30 | Sildenafil citrate, a prescription phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor marketed as Viagra | Improved cycling endurance and time-trial performance at sea level or moderate altitude in healthy exercisers |
| D | 30 | Omega-3 EPA and DHA (long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish-oil supplements) | Clinically meaningful weight and body-fat reduction in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 30 | 100% coconut water (a potassium-centered natural electrolyte beverage sold as a conventional food) | Superior postexercise rehydration and endurance recovery versus water or a carbohydrate-electrolyte sports drink |
| D | 30 | Creatine monohydrate (a guanidino exercise supplement) | Increased total and free testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in healthy men |
| D | 30 | Virgin coconut oil (VCO, a saturated-fat food and supplement) | Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease |
| D | 30 | D-allulose, also called D-psicose (a rare-sugar low-calorie sweetener sold as food) | Reduction of body weight and fat mass with daily intake in overweight adults |
| D | 30 | Blue-light filtering spectacles (a non-drug optical consumer product) | Shorter sleep-onset latency and better sleep quality in evening screen users |
| D | 30 | Intermittent pneumatic compression recovery boots (sequential pneumatic compression devices such as Normatec, non-drug equipment) | Reduced postexercise muscle soreness and faster recovery of strength and performance |
| D | 30 | Glucosamine (glucosamine sulfate or hydrochloride, an amino-sugar joint supplement ingredient) | Lower all-cause mortality and longer healthspan or lifespan through regular use |
| D | 30 | Metformin (a prescription biguanide) | Prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma in people with type 2 diabetes and chronic liver disease |
| D | 30 | Finnish dry sauna (80-100 degrees Celsius heat exposure in a nonmedical wellness facility) | Longer healthspan through lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality with regular use |
| D | 30 | Auricular acupuncture or acupressure (ear-point stimulation used as a traditional or complementary procedure) | Reduced weight and BMI in adults with overweight or obesity through appetite suppression |
| D | 30 | D-mannose (monosaccharide supplement) | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection over six months in women |
| D | 30 | Autologous platelet-rich plasma administered by intra-articular knee injection | Reduced pain and slowed cartilage loss in knee osteoarthritis |
| D | 30 | Cannabidiol 150 mg (CBD isolate, sublingual oil) | Improved insomnia severity and subjective sleep onset and maintenance in primary insomnia |
| D | 30 | Whole-body vibration platform (vibration exercise device; nonmedical product) | Reduction of body weight, BMI, and body fat through vibration-platform training alone |
| D | 30 | Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS, low-frequency medical device available without a prescription) | Improved persistent pain and disability in chronic nonspecific low back pain |
| D | 30 | Emu oil (topical animal-derived oil from emu fat, sold as a cosmetic or wellness product) | Relief of knee or hand arthritis and joint pain |
| D | 30 | Continuous pink-noise audio or sound machine (non-drug sleep device or digital audio) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and deep sleep in adults |
| D | 30 | L-glutamine (a conditionally essential amino acid sold as an oral sports supplement) | Reduced body weight and waist circumference in adults with overweight or obesity without dietary or exercise changes |
| D | 30 | Whole-body cryotherapy (non-drug wellness procedure using an extreme-cold chamber at −110°C or below) | Reduced post-exercise muscle soreness and accelerated recovery of strength and sports performance |
| D | 30 | Elevation training mask (a nonmedical respiratory-resistance sports device) | Additional improvement in VO2max, endurance, and lung function by simulating hypoxic altitude training |
| D | 30 | L-carnitine (oral amino-acid-derivative supplement) | Reduction of cancer- and treatment-related fatigue in patients with cancer |
| D | 30 | High-dose intravenous vitamin C (high-dose IV ascorbic acid infusion) | Reduced death and persistent organ dysfunction in vasopressor-dependent sepsis |
| D | 30 | Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, or Paxlovid, as 5-day or 10-day oral regimens | Postexposure prevention of symptomatic infection in test-negative adults living with a person who has COVID-19. |
| D | 30 | High-dose biotin (MD1003, oral biotin 100 mg three times daily) | Reversal of walking impairment and disability in progressive multiple sclerosis |
| D | 30 | Kinesiology tape, an elastic therapeutic tape | Reduction of chronic nonspecific low-back pain and disability |
| D | 30 | Daily cold shower finish (30, 60, or 90 seconds after a warm shower) | Prevention of cold or influenza symptom days and infections |
| D | 30 | Systemic prednisolone (prescription oral glucocorticoid) | Hearing recovery in idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss |
| D | 30 | Vaginal micronized progesterone (prescription vaginal formulation) | Increased live birth in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage |
| D | 30 | Whole-body vibration platform (vibration exercise device) | Prevention of bone loss and increased bone density in postmenopausal osteopenia |
| D | 30 | Plantar-fasciitis tension night splint | Improvement of first-step morning pain and function in plantar fasciitis |
| D | 30 | Dextrose prolotherapy (peri-ligament injection procedure) | Reduction of chronic nonspecific low back pain and functional disability |
| D | 30 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (pressurized-chamber oxygen procedure) | Improvement of headache, cognitive, and emotional symptoms in persistent postconcussion syndrome |
| D | 30 | Autologous platelet-rich plasma (ultrasound-guided subacromial autologous-blood injection) | Improved shoulder pain and function in rotator-cuff tendinopathy |
| D | 30 | Palliative oxygen (nasal cannula at 2 L/min) | Relief of refractory dyspnea in patients without hypoxemia |
| D | 30 | Acupuncture (traditional needle-stimulation procedure) | Reduction in frequency and severity of menopausal hot flashes |
| D | 30 | Intra-articular sodium hyaluronate, an image-guided viscosupplement injection | Improved pain and function in hip osteoarthritis |
| D | 30 | Transmeatal low-level laser therapy | Relief of chronic tinnitus severity and distress in adults |
| D | 30 | Subacromial corticosteroid injection | Long-term improvement in rotator cuff-related shoulder pain and disability |
| D | 30 | Therapeutic ultrasound, low-intensity sound used in physical therapy | Additional pain and function improvement when added to exercise and heat for rotator cuff disease |
| D | 30 | Thigh-length graduated compression stockings | Prevention of proximal deep-vein thrombosis in immobile patients with acute stroke |
| D | 30 | Continuous passive motion device | Clinically meaningful additional range-of-motion, pain, and functional recovery after total knee arthroplasty |
| D | 30 | Percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure | Reduced or eliminated migraine attacks in medication-refractory migraine |
| D | 30 | Oral spironolactone 100 mg daily, a prescription diuretic with antiandrogen effects | Added hair growth in female pattern hair loss when combined with topical minoxidil |
| D | 30 | Custom-made semirigid foot orthoses molded from an individual cast | Improved plantar-fasciitis pain and function versus a sham insert |
| D | 30 | Instrumented lumbar fusion as elective surgery for chronic nonspecific low back pain | Greater disability improvement than intensive cognitive and exercise rehabilitation |
| D | 30 | Static stretching before and after, or after, exercise | Clinically meaningful reduction in delayed-onset post-exercise muscle-soreness intensity |
| D | 30 | Whole spinach soup, 250 g/day of spinach | Lower blood pressure |
| D | 30 | Yacon syrup | Post-meal satiety and appetite suppression |
| D | 30 | Nitrate-rich beetroot juice | Cognitive performance and cerebral blood flow in older adults |
| D | 30 | Cooked tomato products | PSA reduction in men with prostate cancer |
| D | 30 | 100% watermelon juice | Improved vascular function in healthy postmenopausal women |
| D | 30 | Fresh grapefruit, 127 g before meals | Additional weight loss beyond a calorie-restricted diet |
| D | 30 | Whole sauerkraut | Reduction in systemic inflammation |
| D | 30 | Habitual whole-cheese intake | Lower mortality and major cardiovascular events |
| D | 30 | Pressure-cooked parboiled brown rice | Improved HbA1c |
| D | 30 | Boiled white quinoa seed, 25 to 50 g per day | Weight loss |
| D | 30 | Wholegrain rye products replacing refined-wheat foods | Weight loss |
| D | 30 | One meal fortified with 20 g whole oven-dried oyster mushroom powder, Pleurotus ostreatus | Reduced ad libitum energy intake at the next meal four hours later |
| D | 30 | A diet providing 300 g shrimp per day | Whether shrimp worsens blood lipids in normolipidemic adults |
| D | 30 | Three grams per day of powder ground from whole green cardamom | Improved glucose and lipids in overweight or obese women with prediabetes |
| D | 30 | A high-protein weight-loss diet containing lean beef at least four times weekly | Added weight loss over an otherwise similar high-protein diet without red meat |
| D | 30 | A carnivore diet centered on animal foods while excluding nearly all fruit, vegetables, and grains | Improved overall perceived health and well-being |
| D | 30 | Perilla oil capsules, 3 g daily | Lower triglycerides in people with type 2 diabetes versus fish oil and flaxseed-oil plus fish-oil comparators |
| D | 30 | Refined grape-seed oil, 20 mL daily | Lower blood pressure versus refined olive oil or no added oil |
| D | 30 | Late dinner at 10 pm followed by sleep at 11 pm | Worsened sleep architecture over one night |
| D | 30 | Healthy low-carbohydrate diet | Greater 12-month weight loss than a healthy low-fat diet |
| D | 30 | Well-formulated ketogenic diet | Greater HbA1c reduction than a Mediterranean diet |
| D | 30 | Controlled high-protein diet providing 25% of energy from protein | Kidney damage in adults without kidney disease |
| D | 30 | Advice to add 1.5 L of water per day to usual intake | Reduction in days with at least moderate headache among people with recurrent headaches |
| D | 30 | Red wine 150 mL/day with 16.9 g alcohol or white wine 150 mL/day with 15.8 g | Improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes |
| D | 30 | Presleep alcohol targeting breath alcohol 0.08 mg/L as printed in the article, with an observed pre-bed mean of 0.066 | Faster sleep onset and better whole-night sleep quality |
| D | 30 | Participant-selected caffeinated coffee | Reduced daily premature atrial contractions |
| D | 30 | At least four 150-mL cups of coffee daily, 600 mL or more, or caffeine above 330 mg/day | Prevention of osteoporotic fractures in women |
| D | 30 | Daily calcium carbonate supplement, 1,000 mg, taken with meals | Long-term iron deficiency or anemia |
| D | 30 | Eating 100 g grilled spinach together with 100 to 180 g milk or dairy products | Increased calcium oxalate kidney-stone events |
| D | 30 | Routine use of aluminum pots, pans, and cookware | Increased incidence of dementia or Alzheimer disease |
| D | 30 | Practice-based social-prescribing link worker support for people with multimorbidity in deprived areas | Improved quality of life and mental health |
| D | 30 | Periodontitis diagnosis and treatment-need records in national health insurance data | Increased incidence of Parkinson disease |
| D | 30 | A two-hour cognitive-behavioral sleep class plus two weeks of telephone support for parents of infants aged six to eight months | Reduced objective night waking measured by actigraphy |
| D | 30 | The modified baby-led complementary-feeding program BLISS with choking-prevention education from about six months | Reduced infant choking events |
| D | 30 | Vitamin D3 1,200 IU daily in healthy term infants | Greater bone strength at 24 months than standard 400 IU daily |
| D | 30 | A fourteen-week community singing group for adults aged sixty years or older | Reduction of depressive symptoms |
| D | 30 | Scraping out a honey-bee stinger versus pinching and pulling it out | Reduction of local weal area according to removal method |
| D | 30 | Prophylactic acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or another antipyretic during fever | Prevention of febrile-seizure recurrence during later febrile illnesses |
| D | 30 | Antiperspirant, deodorant, and underarm shaving | Higher breast-cancer incidence |
| D | 30 | Stopping or continuing alendronate after five years of use | Fracture prevention over the next five years |
| D | 30 | Two-hour repositioning on a high-density foam mattress | Reduction of three-week pressure-ulcer incidence versus three- or four-hour repositioning |
| D | 30 | Nectar- or honey-thick liquids taken in a neutral head position | Reduction of three-month pneumonia compared with chin-down posture while drinking thin liquids |
| D | 30 | Home or hospital bed rest for threatened miscarriage | Prevention of miscarriage |
| D | 30 | Ionic detox footbath using an electrode array in salted water | Increased elimination of heavy metals and toxins from the body |
| D | 30 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | Prevention of atrial-fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary-vein isolation |
| D | 30 | Posture-correcting shirt and tension bands | Posture and neck-pain improvement |
| D | 30 | Compression arthritis gloves | Relief of hand pain in rheumatoid or undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis |
| D | 30 | Daily self-weighing bundled with a record card, weight-loss goal, text reminders, and counseling | Weight loss in adults with obesity |
| D | 30 | A domestic ion-exchange water softener installed on the whole-house supply | Improvement of existing moderate-to-severe atopic eczema in children |
| D | 30 | A silicone nipple shield added to structured lactation support | Continuation of exclusive breastfeeding to six months among mothers with nipple abnormalities |
| D | 30 | Single-agent bacitracin ointment applied daily for 7-10 days after dermatologic surgery | Better prevention of postoperative wound infection than white petrolatum |
| D | 30 | Duct-tape occlusion with weekly soaking and debridement | Complete clearance of common nongenital warts on hands, feet, or other sites |
| D | 30 | A raised toilet seat used after total hip arthroplasty | Prevention of early hip dislocation within six months after surgery |
| D | 30 | Portable classroom HEPA air cleaners for students with asthma | Reduced asthma symptom-days versus sham units |
| D | 30 | Daily foot self-inspection by people with diabetes | Independent prevention of foot lesions or ulceration |
| D | 30 | Applying ordinary toothpaste to a minor thermal burn | Removing heat and accelerating wound healing |
| D | 30 | Oral or mechanical suction of a venomous-snake bite wound | Removal of a clinically meaningful amount of venom |
| D | 30 | Yellow-lens night-driving glasses | Faster pedestrian detection under headlight glare |
| D | 30 | Prophylactic systemic antibiotics for sutured simple hand lacerations | Prevention of infection in uncomplicated hand lacerations without bone, tendon, nerve, or major-vessel injury |
| D | 30 | Rinsing, cleaning, or storing contact lenses in tap water | Safe use without increased Acanthamoeba or fungal keratitis |
| D | 30 | Age-adjusted low-dose oral haloperidol added for delirium in palliative care | Relief of distressing behavioral, communication, and perceptual delirium symptoms |
| D | 30 | Acetaminophen plus diphenhydramine given 30 minutes before transfusion | Prevention of febrile nonhemolytic or minor allergic transfusion reactions in patients largely without prior reactions |
| D | 30 | Prehospital cooling by wrapping and repeatedly replacing ice-water-soaked sheets | Adequate cooling and preserved survival when cold-water immersion is difficult in exertional heat stroke |
| D | 30 | Air-travel earplugs containing a pressure-regulating filter | Prevention of ear pain and middle-ear barotrauma during aircraft descent |
| D | 30 | Routine subcutaneous normal saline at 1 L/day for terminal cancer patients with reduced intake and mild-to-moderate dehydration | Improved fatigue, myoclonus, sedation, hallucinations, quality of life, and related dehydration symptoms |
| D | 30 | Routine water precautions after pediatric tympanostomy tubes, using earplugs during bathing and swimming or avoiding swimming | Prevention of tympanostomy-tube otorrhea within one year |
| D | 30 | Routine high-volume saline or phosphate enema on admission in labour | Prevention of puerperal and neonatal infection |
| D | 30 | Six months of progressive stationary cycling during hemodialysis | Clinically improved physical health-related quality of life |
| D | 30 | Prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics in severe or necrotizing acute pancreatitis without confirmed infection | Prevention of infected pancreatic necrosis and death |
| D | 30 | Six weeks of strict sling immobilization and prohibition of active motion after rotator cuff repair | Reduced 12-month ultrasound retear versus early pain-limited active motion |
| D | 30 | Routine nasogastric decompression maintained until passage of flatus or stool after elective hepatectomy | Prevention of pneumonia and pulmonary complications |
| D | 30 | Gradual reduction of mandatory breaths during SIMV for mechanical-ventilator weaning | Faster successful weaning than T-piece spontaneous-breathing trials |
| D | 30 | Preoperative whole-body bathing or showering with 4% chlorhexidine | Prevention of surgical-site infection |
| D | 30 | Plain non-antimicrobial plastic adhesive incise drape | Prevention of surgical-site infection |
| D | 30 | Pajamas made with far-infrared-emitting functional textile | Improved sleep quality in adults with poor sleep |
| D | 30 | A 16:8 schedule restricting food intake to 08:00-16:00 | Additional liver-fat reduction beyond equal daily calorie restriction |
| D | 30 | House-dust-mite-allergen-impermeable mattress, pillow, and duvet covers | Improved lung function and inhaled-steroid withdrawal in adults with asthma |
| D | 30 | Precision foot reflexology applying pressure to organ-correspondence points | Improved anxiety and depressive symptoms during menopause |
| D | 30 | Diet personalized with genomic and metabolomic testing | Greater fat-mass loss than a generic healthy diet |
| D | 30 | Hands4U multifaceted guideline-implementation program | Prevention of hand eczema in healthcare workers |
| D | 30 | Delivery-room resuscitation strategy incorporating sustained lung inflations | Reduced bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death at 36 weeks in extremely preterm infants |
| D | 30 | Enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain) | Increased marginal bone level 12 months after regenerative surgery for peri-implantitis |
| D | 30 | Switch from chronic transfusion and chelation to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy | Maintained secondary stroke prevention while reducing iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia |
| D | 30 | Risk-based, six-month, and 24-month adult dental recall intervals | Maintenance of oral health and oral-health-related quality of life over four years |
| D | 30 | Four rituximab infusions | Reduced treatment failure in steroid-unresponsive adult ITP |
| D | 30 | Nasal high-flow therapy as primary early respiratory support in preterm infants | Increased treatment failure within 72 hours versus CPAP |
| D | 30 | One additional hyperbaric-oxygen session after a standard first session | Increased complete recovery at one month after acute carbon monoxide poisoning with initial coma |
| D | 30 | Ten-lesson universal school-based mindfulness training | Improved one-year depression risk, social-emotional-behavioral functioning, and well-being in adolescents |
| D | 30 | Facilitated physical-activity counseling added to usual care | Improved self-reported depressive symptoms at four months in adults with a depressive episode |
| D | 30 | Add-on oral roflumilast 500 mcg, a PDE4 inhibitor | Reduced moderate or severe exacerbations in severe COPD on maximal inhaled therapy |
| D | 29 | Hawthorn leaf and flower extract | Improvement in chronic-heart-failure symptoms, exercise capacity, and blood pressure |
| D | 29 | Methylphenidate, a prescription central nervous system stimulant; cognitive enhancement in healthy people is off-label | Improved concentration, examination scores, and academic performance in healthy students without ADHD |
| D | 29 | Lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus, functional mushroom supplement) | Clinically meaningful treatment of depressive and anxiety symptoms |
| D | 29 | Korean red ginseng extract (Panax ginseng; ginsenoside-containing health supplement) | Improve maximal oxygen uptake, endurance, and power in healthy adults |
| D | 29 | Cranberry PAC, a berry-polyphenol supplement from Vaccinium macrocarpon containing proanthocyanidins | Antibiotic-replacing symptom resolution and clinical cure of established acute uncomplicated cystitis in women |
| D | 29 | Ammonia inhalant (smelling salts, nonmedical arousal product) | Improved maximal strength, power, and explosive performance when inhaled immediately before exercise |
| D | 29 | Grounding or earthing sleep mat or sheet (conductive bedding; non-medical consumer product) | Improved insomnia severity, sleep duration, and daytime sleepiness through grounding during sleep |
| D | 29 | Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO; oleic-acid- and polyphenol-containing food) | Lower all-cause mortality and extend healthspan through daily consumption |
| D | 29 | Pre-exercise static stretching (a nonpharmacologic flexibility warm-up intervention) | Prevention of exercise and sports injuries when used as the sole warm-up component |
| D | 29 | Molnupiravir (Lagevrio, prescription oral antiviral capsules) | Prevention of hospitalization and death in vaccinated high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 |
| D | 29 | Oral minoxidil (5-mg tablet) | Greater hair growth than topical 5% minoxidil in male androgenetic alopecia |
| D | 28 | Probiotics (lactic acid bacteria, specific strains) | Body-fat reduction and dieting |
| D | 28 | Policosanol (sugarcane-derived) | LDL cholesterol improvement |
| D | 28 | Garcinia cambogia (HCA) | body fat and body weight reduction |
| D | 28 | Biotin (vitamin B7) | hair-loss improvement and hair growth |
| D | 28 | Probiotics (lactic acid bacteria) | gut health and improved bowel movements |
| D | 28 | Green-lipped mussel oil (New Zealand green-lipped mussel) | joint pain relief |
| D | 28 | Bitter melon / Jerusalem artichoke (inulin) | blood-glucose control |
| D | 28 | Tribulus terrestris (Tribulus terrestris) | Male vitality, testosterone, and exercise performance |
| D | 28 | Exogenous ketone salts (BHB salts) | Improved endurance and exercise energy |
| D | 28 | Transfer factor derived from colostrum and egg yolk | Transfer of immune memory and prevention of colds |
| D | 28 | Streptococcus salivarius K12, BLIS K12 | Prevention of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis and sore throat |
| D | 28 | Taurine | Extension of lifespan and healthspan |
| D | 28 | Calcium supplementation | Prevention of preeclampsia and related hypertensive disorders of pregnancy |
| D | 28 | Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) | Slowing ALS progression and extending survival |
| D | 28 | D-ribose | Improved high-intensity exercise performance and recovery through ATP replenishment |
| D | 28 | Guggul extract, guggulipid, or guggulsterone | Reduction of LDL cholesterol |
| D | 28 | Graviola (Annona muricata, soursop) | Cancer prevention, treatment, and adjunctive anticancer use |
| D | 28 | Fermented Prunus mume vinegar (maesil vinegar) | Improvement of unexplained fatigue and vitality |
| D | 28 | Pirenoxine eye drops (Kary Uni or Catalin, prescription) | Slowing progression of early senile cataract |
| D | 28 | Copper tripeptide-1 (GHK-Cu; topical scalp serum) | Hair regrowth from scalp application in male and female pattern hair loss |
| D | 28 | Clomiphene citrate (prescription medicine, off-label in men) | Improved pregnancy and live-birth rates in male infertility |
| D | 28 | Turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor, Coriolus, fruiting-body capsules) | General immune enhancement and prevention of cancer or support of cancer treatment |
| D | 28 | Dong quai (Angelica sinensis single-ingredient capsules) | Improvement of menopausal hot flashes and female hormone balance |
| D | 28 | Betahistine (histamine analog, prescription) | Reduced frequency of vertigo attacks in Ménière's disease |
| D | 28 | Lobeglitazone (Korean prescription thiazolidinedione marketed as Duvie) | HbA1c improvement in type 2 diabetes leads to fewer cardiovascular and renal complications |
| D | 28 | HongJam steamed mature silkworm hydrolysate or powder (individually recognized functional ingredient) | Improved memory and global cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment |
| D | 28 | Biotin (vitamin B7, water-soluble vitamin supplement) | Thickening and strengthening brittle, splitting nails in adults without biotin deficiency |
| D | 28 | Gongjin-dan (a multi-ingredient herbal medicine containing musk, deer antler, and other materials) | Improved fatigue severity and physical function in unexplained chronic fatigue |
| D | 28 | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, water-soluble vitamin supplement used with oral iron) | Additional acceleration of hemoglobin recovery in iron-deficiency anemia by increasing iron absorption |
| D | 28 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, a fat-soluble vitamin supplement) | Additional improvement in strength, power, and anaerobic performance in athletes without vitamin D deficiency |
| D | 28 | Deer velvet antler powder, an animal-derived supplement made from dried and ground unossified antler tissue | Increased testosterone, libido, and erectile function in healthy middle-aged men |
| D | 28 | Omega-3 EPA and DHA (fish oil, a long-chain n-3 PUFA supplement) | Primary prevention of new type 2 diabetes in adults |
| D | 28 | Nicotinamide riboside chloride (NR, an NAD+ precursor and vitamin B3 derivative supplement) | Improved insulin sensitivity and whole-body glucose metabolism in adults with obesity and insulin resistance |
| D | 28 | Resveratrol (a stilbene polyphenol dietary supplement) | Improved maximal oxygen uptake, aerobic exercise capacity, and training response in healthy adults |
| D | 28 | Selenium (an antioxidant trace mineral supplement) | Prevention of cognitive decline, Alzheimer disease, and dementia in cognitively normal older adults |
| D | 28 | Resveratrol (a stilbene polyphenol supplement) | Improvement of liver fat, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and histologic fatty liver in metabolic dysfunction-associated or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| D | 28 | Low-dose naltrexone (LDN, 1–4.5 mg; a prescription opioid-receptor antagonist used off label) | Improved fatigue and daily functioning in people with long COVID |
| D | 28 | Lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus, a polysaccharide-containing functional mushroom supplement) | Gastric-mucosal protection and lesion healing in gastritis and gastric ulcer |
| D | 28 | External nasal dilator strip (a mechanical, non-drug breathing-aid consumer product) | Reduced snoring with nasal congestion and reduced snoring and apnea-hypopnea index in obstructive sleep apnea |
| D | 28 | Kinesiology tape, a nonmedicated elastic sports tape applied to the skin | Improvement of strength, jumping, sprinting, agility, and endurance in athletes |
| D | 28 | Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR; a dietary supplement) | Improved multiple-sclerosis-related fatigue and daily function |
| D | 28 | Buspirone (prescription 5-HT1A partial-agonist anxiolytic; adjunctive use in major depressive disorder is off-label) | Remission and depressive-symptom improvement as augmentation for major depressive disorder with inadequate SSRI response |
| D | 28 | Saxagliptin (an oral DPP-4 inhibitor glucose-lowering drug; Onglyza; prescription medicine) | Prevention of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high-risk type 2 diabetes |
| D | 28 | Creatine monohydrate (dietary supplement) | Improvement of persistent fatigue and difficulty concentrating in long COVID |
| D | 28 | Ertugliflozin (prescription SGLT2 inhibitor; Steglatro) | Reduction of three-point MACE comprising cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke in type 2 diabetes with cardiovascular disease |
| D | 28 | External nasal dilator strip (non-drug medical or lifestyle nasal strip) | Improved oxygen uptake, endurance, and athletic performance during exercise |
| D | 28 | Ibuprofen (an oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sold by prescription and over the counter) | Prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness and faster strength or power recovery when taken around exercise |
| D | 28 | Somnox Sleep Robot (non-drug breathing-synchronization sleep device) | Improved sleep onset, sleep maintenance, and sleep efficiency in chronic insomnia through breathing-rhythm synchronization |
| D | 28 | Myers' cocktail (a noncovered intravenous mixture of B vitamins, vitamin C, and magnesium) | Improved fatigue, pain, and quality of life in fibromyalgia and chronic-fatigue patients |
| D | 28 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, nonprescription medicine or supplement) | Prevention of severe asthma exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids in children and adults |
| D | 28 | Extended-release exenatide (2 mg once-weekly subcutaneous injection) | Long-term slowing of motor-symptom progression in Parkinson's disease |
| D | 28 | Intranasal regular insulin, 40 IU per day | Delay cognitive and daily-function decline in mild cognitive impairment or mild Alzheimer disease. |
| D | 28 | Elamipretide (investigational subcutaneous peptide) | Improved walking ability and fatigue in primary mitochondrial myopathy |
| D | 28 | Heated humidified air inhalation (rhinothermy delivered by nasal high flow) | Reduction in common-cold symptoms and duration |
| D | 28 | Acupuncture or auricular acupuncture for smoking cessation | Suppression of nicotine craving and smoking abstinence lasting at least six months |
| D | 28 | Intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide (prescription corticosteroid injection) | Long-term relief of knee osteoarthritis pain with repeated injections |
| D | 28 | Ivermectin (prescription macrocyclic-lactone antiparasitic; off-label for COVID-19) | Prevention of severe progression or hospitalization in early COVID-19 |
| D | 28 | Wearable activity tracker (device providing step, activity, and calorie feedback) | Additional weight loss when added to a standard behavioral intervention |
| D | 28 | Continuous therapeutic ultrasound (physical-therapy energy device) | Improving chronic nonspecific low back pain and disability |
| D | 28 | Rigid neutral-position wrist splint | Symptom improvement and avoidance of surgery in primary carpal tunnel syndrome |
| D | 28 | Tympanostomy tubes (pediatric otolaryngologic surgery) | Prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children |
| D | 28 | Lumbar radiofrequency denervation of facet or sacroiliac joint nerves | Long-term pain and function improvement in chronic low back pain |
| D | 28 | Mesalazine or mesalamine (prescription 5-ASA intestinal anti-inflammatory drug) | Improvement of abdominal pain, global symptoms, and stool frequency in irritable bowel syndrome |
| D | 28 | Polynucleotide injection (PN or Rejuran intradermal aesthetic procedure) | Improved periorbital wrinkles and cosmetic skin regeneration |
| D | 28 | Oral gabapentin | Prevention of attack frequency in adult episodic migraine |
| D | 28 | Physiotherapist-guided pelvic floor muscle training | Faster early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy |
| D | 28 | Quercetin-rich whole-onion powder | Reduction of visceral fat |
| D | 28 | Freeze-dried blueberry powder 26 g, equivalent to 150 g fresh fruit | Improved insulin resistance and tissue insulin sensitivity |
| D | 28 | Beverage containing 50 g freeze-dried whole-strawberry powder | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| D | 28 | Freeze-dried whole cheonggukjang | Reduction in abdominal fat |
| D | 28 | Whole kombucha | Lower fasting glucose in type 2 diabetes |
| D | 28 | Whole full-fat yogurt | Improved bone-turnover markers |
| D | 28 | Whole walnuts, 30 to 60 g daily | Prevention of age-related cognitive decline |
| D | 28 | Whole macadamia nuts, 35 to 59 g/day | Weight and body-fat loss |
| D | 28 | Matcha powdered drink, two servings daily, providing 3 g matcha | Prevention of overall cognitive decline in older adults |
| D | 28 | Pu-erh tea brewed from a tea bag in hot water | Reduced body-fat percentage and body weight |
| D | 28 | Five grams per day of dried Sargassum fusiforme, processed to reduce heavy metals | Improved weekly mean glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| D | 28 | Replacing 8 oz red meat with 8 oz fresh button mushrooms three times weekly | Long-term weight loss over one year |
| D | 28 | Whole eggs including yolk, one or three per day | Little or no effect on blood LDL and HDL in adults with hyperlipidemia |
| D | 28 | Low-fat chocolate milk consumed immediately after exercise and again two hours later | Superior recovery of endurance performance versus other recovery beverages |
| D | 28 | Three whole eggs consumed after resistance exercise | Greater muscle-mass gain than six egg whites matched for protein |
| D | 28 | Unpasteurized organic whole raw milk | Improved lactose digestion and lactose-intolerance symptoms versus pasteurized milk |
| D | 28 | One to three grams per day of powder ground from dried bay leaves | Lower fasting glucose in people with type 2 diabetes |
| D | 28 | Adding 0.3 g ground black pepper to 0.3, 1, or 3 g turmeric powder | Greater chronic-pain reduction than turmeric alone |
| D | 28 | A 12-week resistance-training diet providing 1.4 g protein/kg/day and emphasizing 85 g/day of lean beef | Additional strength and quadriceps-volume gains beyond resistance training in older women |
| D | 28 | Aspartame, a high-intensity sweetener used in beverages and tabletop products | Weight loss or prevention of weight gain independent of sugar replacement |
| D | 28 | A palm-olein diet supplying 20% of total energy | Whether liver fat increases versus soybean oil or cocoa butter |
| D | 28 | A breakfast of 50 g fruit granola with 200 mL milk | Greater bowel-movement frequency than a cornflake breakfast |
| D | 28 | A drink providing 20 g whey protein hydrolysate plus 10 g sucrose twice daily | Increased thigh muscle mass in healthy older adults without resistance exercise |
| D | 28 | Uncooked lactobacilli-rich vegan diet | Improved rheumatoid-arthritis activity and symptoms |
| D | 28 | Gluten avoidance in people without celiac disease | Relief of abdominal pain, bloating, and other gastrointestinal symptoms |
| D | 28 | Hydrogen-dissolved water prescribed at 500 mL/day | Slower one-year cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment |
| D | 28 | Red wine 150 mL/day (16.9 g ethanol and 120 kcal) | Weight and abdominal visceral-fat loss |
| D | 28 | Alcohol 0.5-0.65 g/kg mixed with about 250 mL energy drink containing roughly 80 mg caffeine | Masked subjective intoxication and added risk-taking |
| D | 28 | A high-prebiotic whole-food diet plus an eight-strain probiotic at 24 billion CFU/day | Greater eight-week improvement in total mood disturbance than either component or control |
| D | 28 | A single 5 g dose of monosodium glutamate, or MSG, challenged while fasting and with food | Consistent and reproducible provocation of an acute cluster of headache, flushing, tingling, and palpitation |
| D | 28 | Commercial genetically modified foods and their introduced proteins | More clinical allergic symptoms or disease than conventional foods |
| D | 28 | Overnight-fasted aerobic exercise for 60 minutes three times weekly at 70% estimated maximal heart rate | Additional body-fat loss versus the same exercise after feeding |
| D | 28 | Sixty minutes of moderate evening exercise ending two to four hours before bedtime | Worsened sleep onset, duration, or efficiency |
| D | 28 | Twenty-five grams of whey protein within 30 minutes after resistance exercise | Greater long-term muscle gain than pre-exercise or delayed intake |
| D | 28 | Looking about 20 feet away for 20 seconds every 20 minutes | Relief of digital eye strain and dry-eye symptoms |
| D | 28 | A 3M 8210V N95 particulate respirator worn for 48 hours during polluted conditions | Lower blood pressure and improved heart-rate variability |
| D | 28 | Two household HEPA air purifiers operated for 30 days | Lower systolic blood pressure |
| D | 28 | Pork, 150 g twice weekly for six weeks | Elimination of inhaled fine dust or occupational heavy metals |
| D | 28 | Six- or twelve-month routine scale and polish in regular attenders without established or advanced periodontitis | Prevention of gingival bleeding and early periodontal disease |
| D | 28 | The modified baby-led complementary-feeding program BLISS from about six months through 24 months | Healthier growth and prevention of overweight |
| D | 28 | A manually adjustable sit-stand workstation provided to office workers for eight weeks | Improved cardiovascular and metabolic health |
| D | 28 | Ice added to usual care for acute ankle sprain | Pain relief and faster recovery |
| D | 28 | Eye patching for simple corneal abrasion | Faster healing and less pain |
| D | 28 | P6 Neiguan acupressure band | Reduced nausea from motion sickness |
| D | 28 | At-home tooth-whitening strips containing 6% hydrogen peroxide | Increased tooth sensitivity as an adverse effect |
| D | 28 | Alternate-day versus daily oral ferrous sulfate at the same cumulative elemental-iron dose | Improved eight-week hemoglobin response versus daily dosing |
| D | 28 | Same-day split dosing of weekly oral methotrexate 25 mg | Improved rheumatoid arthritis treatment response |
| D | 28 | Mobile seated infant walker | Earlier onset of independent walking |
| D | 28 | Topical magnesium gel, spray, or oil applied to the skin | Faster recovery of postexercise soreness, strength, and performance |
| D | 28 | Intravenous glutathione, marketed as a skin-whitening infusion | Whole-body skin lightening |
| D | 28 | Ear candling | Cerumen removal |
| D | 28 | Increased intake of seed oils rich in linoleic acid | Increased blood inflammatory markers |
| D | 28 | A weighted vest worn about eight hours daily during weight loss | Attenuation of hip bone loss |
| D | 28 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| D | 28 | Tea tree oil eyelid scrub | Symptom improvement in Demodex blepharitis |
| D | 28 | A very-low-force fountain-type electronic bidet using approximately 38-degree-C water for 3-5 minutes | Noninferior relief of pain seven days after hemorrhoidectomy as a substitute for a warm sitz bath |
| D | 28 | A single 20-minute postpartum perineal ice-pack application | Relief of perineal pain |
| D | 28 | Simultaneous acetaminophen plus ibuprofen for childhood fever | Reduced fever-related discomfort at 48 hours versus either single drug |
| D | 28 | Standardized device-assisted scalp massage | Hair-thickness change in a randomized split-site comparison |
| D | 28 | Complete abstinence from clear fluids after midnight before elective surgery | Prevention of regurgitation and pulmonary aspiration during anesthesia |
| D | 28 | Repeated fist clenching and releasing under a tourniquet during venepuncture | No alteration of the serum or plasma potassium result |
| D | 28 | Repeatedly breathing air in and out of a paper bag | Rapid and safe relief of anxiety-induced hyperventilation symptoms |
| D | 28 | Home syrup of ipecac after childhood poisoning | Reduced emergency-department referral or use and fewer adverse outcomes |
| D | 28 | Keeping a schoolbag at or below 10% of body weight | Prevention of new low back pain in adolescents |
| D | 28 | An anti-mouth-opening sleep chinstrap worn alone without CPAP | Reduced snoring and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea |
| D | 28 | Wearing two pairs of surgical gloves during surgery | Reduced inner-glove perforation and visible skin contamination |
| D | 28 | Head-down Trendelenburg positioning in hypovolemia | Sustained improvement in cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery |
| D | 28 | Standard weekly pillbox, digital timer cap, and pill-bottle toggle strip | Improved 12-month medication adherence for chronic-disease therapy |
| D | 28 | Unstable curved rocker-sole footwear | Improved chronic low-back-pain disability and pain versus flat athletic shoes |
| D | 28 | Cushioned insoles containing static bipolar magnets | Relief of plantar heel pain |
| D | 28 | Early tadalafil 5 mg once daily after nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy | Increased recovery of unassisted erectile function after treatment cessation |
| D | 28 | Breathe Right external nasal dilator strips | Improved sleep quality in people with chronic nocturnal nasal congestion |
| D | 28 | Transdermal iron patch | Raising iron stores as effectively as oral iron |
| D | 28 | Xenogeneic collagen matrix Mucograft added to coronally advanced flaps | Root coverage noninferior to autologous connective-tissue grafting in multiple adjacent gingival recessions |
| D | 28 | Prophylactic extraction of asymptomatic disease-free impacted third molars | Reduced late lower-incisor crowding after orthodontic treatment |
| D | 28 | Oral succimer chelation, also known as DMSA | Improved cognitive, behavioral, and neuropsychological development in children with blood lead levels of 20 to 44 µg/dL |
| D | 28 | Five additional days of beta-lactam therapy after hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia has reached clinical stability | Clinically important added treatment success at day 10 or day 15 |
| D | 28 | Hydroxychloroquine | Improvement in dryness, fatigue, and pain in primary Sjogren syndrome |
| D | 28 | Tofersen | Change in the 28-week ALSFRS-R functional score in SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| D | 27 | Wild yam extract | Menopausal symptoms and a 'natural progesterone' effect |
| D | 27 | Cilantro leaf extract | Heavy-metal elimination and detoxification |
| D | 27 | Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) | Prevention of gray hair and restoration of hair color |
| D | 27 | Oral methylene blue (nootropic and biohacking use) | Improved mental energy and focus through activation of brain mitochondria |
| D | 27 | Pea sprout extract (AnaGain Nu, trademarked ingredient in topical and oral finished products) | Reduced hair loss and increased hair growth through oral ingestion |
| D | 27 | Guaifenesin (expectorant, nonprescription medicine) | Reduced cough and phlegm and shorter recovery from an acute cold or upper respiratory infection |
| D | 27 | Resveratrol (a stilbene polyphenol dietary supplement) | Increased total and free testosterone and improved male vitality in middle-aged men |
| D | 27 | Nicotinamide riboside (nicotinamide riboside chloride, an NAD+ precursor and vitamin B3 derivative supplement) | Improved subjective fatigue and daily vitality in adults through increased cellular energy |
| D | 27 | High-dose vitamins C and E (ascorbic acid plus alpha-tocopherol antioxidant-vitamin supplement) | Additional promotion of muscle-mass and strength gains in healthy, nutritionally sufficient resistance exercisers |
| D | 27 | Pickle juice (an acetic-acid- and sodium-containing food brine used as a sports drink) | Immediate relief and recurrence prevention of muscle cramps occurring during exercise |
| D | 27 | Sodium alginate (a gel-forming brown-seaweed dietary fiber used as a supplement and food additive) | Increased premeal satiety leading to reduced weight and body fat in adults with obesity |
| D | 27 | Portable canned oxygen (95% oxygen inhalation, non-medical consumer product) | Faster fatigue recovery and improved subsequent exercise performance during or after exercise at sea level |
| D | 27 | Sports cupping therapy (negative-pressure cup massage; traditional procedure or device) | Reduced post-exercise muscle soreness and damage and enhanced performance and recovery |
| D | 27 | Intraovarian autologous platelet-rich plasma (self-paid fertility procedure using autologous blood) | Restored ovarian function and increased pregnancy and live birth in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor response |
| D | 27 | Far-infrared sauna (whole-body heat therapy using a non-drug device or facility) | Relief of joint pain and morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis |
| D | 27 | Bedtime collagen peptides (hydrolyzed protein supplement) | Reduced sleep fragmentation and nocturnal awakenings in exercising people with sleep complaints |
| D | 27 | Scrotal cooling patch or device (hydrogel or wearable male-infertility product) | Improved sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and pregnancy likelihood in men with oligozoospermia |
| D | 27 | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid) as a fifteen-day oral regimen | Reduced overall symptom burden, including fatigue and brain fog, in established long COVID |
| D | 27 | Low-dose naltrexone (6 mg orally) | Reduced pain in fibromyalgia |
| D | 27 | Marine omega-3 EPA and DHA from fish-oil supplements | Improvement of dry-eye symptoms and tear-film status |
| D | 26 | Liposomal NAD+ | Increased cellular energy and mitochondrial vitality |
| D | 26 | Scallop- or ascidian-derived plasmalogens in finished memory products | Improved memory and global cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment |
| D | 26 | Senactiv blend (trademarked Panax notoginseng and Rosa roxburghii extracts) | Improved high-intensity exercise endurance and accelerated post-exercise muscle recovery |
| D | 26 | Steviol glycosides, nonnutritive sweeteners derived from stevia | Treatment-level improvement of fasting glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes beyond sweetener substitution |
| D | 26 | Sauna suit (non-drug exercise garment that restricts heat loss) | Sustained body-fat and weight loss through increased sweating during exercise |
| D | 26 | Lorecivivint 0.07 mg (a single investigational intra-articular knee injection) | Reduced pain in moderate-to-severe knee osteoarthritis |
| D | 25 | Evening primrose oil (gamma-linolenic acid, GLA; in the domestic market often advertised together with GLA-containing oils such as borage oil and blackcurrant oil) | PMS (discomfort due to premenstrual changes) and skin (immune hypersensitivity/atopic dermatitis, dryness, itching) |
| D | 25 | Shark cartilage | Joints and anticancer effects |
| D | 25 | Chanca piedra (Phyllanthus niruri) | Liver protection and detoxification |
| D | 25 | Agmatine sulfate | Improved workout pump, blood flow, and endurance |
| D | 25 | High-dose vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | Prevention of dementia and Alzheimer disease in the general older population |
| D | 25 | Ginkgo biloba extract | Reduction in subjective tinnitus loudness and distress |
| D | 25 | L-beta-aminoisobutyric acid (L-BAIBA, MitoBurn) | Increased metabolic rate and reduced body fat |
| D | 25 | Hoodia gordonii (P57) | Appetite suppression and weight loss |
| D | 25 | Azithromycin (prescription macrolide antibiotic) | Reduced hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death in patients with COVID-19 |
| D | 25 | Pregabalin (gabapentinoid, Lyrica, prescription drug) | Improved leg pain and function in acute and chronic sciatica |
| D | 25 | Sitagliptin (prescription DPP-4 inhibitor) | HbA1c improvement leading to fewer major cardiovascular events |
| D | 25 | Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA fish-oil fatty-acid supplement, cognition claim) | Prevention of memory decline and incident dementia in cognitively healthy older adults |
| D | 25 | Dendropanax morbiferus extract (a traditional Araliaceae plant extract and supplemental food) | Relief of hangover and improvement of alcohol-related liver injury and liver enzymes |
| D | 25 | Reishi mushroom extract (Ganoderma lucidum, a polysaccharide- and triterpene-containing functional mushroom supplement) | Improved sleep onset, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep quality from reishi monotherapy in adults with insomnia |
| D | 25 | High-dose vitamin E 400 IU (alpha-tocopherol, a fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin sold over the counter and as a supplement) | Primary prevention of prostate cancer in men from the general population |
| D | 25 | Lutein and zeaxanthin (xanthophyll carotenoid supplements) | Prevention of age-related cataract progression, moderate vision loss, and cataract surgery |
| D | 25 | Somatropin (recombinant human growth hormone, a prescription injectable drug) | Reversal of aging, functional rejuvenation, and extension of healthspan in healthy middle-aged and older adults without growth hormone deficiency |
| D | 25 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol, a mitochondrial quinone supplement) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| D | 25 | Pistachio (Pistacia vera, a melatonin-containing tree nut) | Consumed before bed to shorten sleep onset and improve sleep efficiency and sleep quality |
| D | 25 | Spanish black radish extract (Raphanus sativus var. niger, a cruciferous-plant supplement) | Improved acetaminophen metabolism and toxin elimination by activating hepatic detoxification enzymes |
| D | 25 | Snail secretion filtrate (snail mucin, cosmetic ingredient) | Reduced inflammatory mask-acne lesions and improved post-acne skin recovery |
| D | 25 | Acetaminophen/paracetamol (non-opioid analgesic, Tylenol, nonprescription drug) | Faster recovery and improved pain and function in acute nonspecific low back pain |
| D | 25 | Phendimetrazine (sympathomimetic appetite suppressant; short-term prescription drug) | Appetite suppression and sustained weight loss in adults with obesity |
| D | 25 | Fermented or aged black garlic (food or supplement containing S-allylcysteine) | Improved ALT and AST and protection of liver function in healthy adults |
| D | 25 | Seed cycling (a diet alternating flaxseed plus pumpkin seed in the follicular phase with sesame plus sunflower seed in the luteal phase) | Balanced sex hormones, more regular menstrual cycles, and reduced PMS in healthy women |
| D | 25 | Proper lifting education and assistive-device training (manual material handling training, a workplace ergonomics education program) | Prevention of low back pain, back-related disability, and absence in workers |
| D | 25 | High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid, or UDCA, 28 to 30 mg/kg/day as oral tablets | Reduced risk of liver transplantation, cirrhosis, and death in primary sclerosing cholangitis |
| D | 25 | Obeticholic acid (Ocaliva oral tablets) | Prevention of clinical progression, including death, transplantation, and hepatic decompensation, in primary biliary cholangitis with inadequate response to UDCA |
| D | 25 | EEG neurofeedback (electroencephalographic biofeedback training) | Improved attention and core symptoms in children with ADHD |
| D | 25 | Oral prednisolone (prescription systemic glucocorticoid) | Reducing cough duration and symptom severity in adults without asthma who have acute lower respiratory tract infection |
| D | 24 | Raspberry ketone | Body fat and dieting |
| D | 24 | Serrapeptase (serratiopeptidase) | Breakdown of arterial plaque, blood clots, and circulating proteins |
| D | 24 | Vitamin D | Prevention of depression and improvement of mood in generally healthy adults |
| D | 24 | N-acetylcarnosine eye drops (NAC eye drops, Can-C) | Reversal or slowed progression of age-related cataract and restoration of vision |
| D | 24 | Turkesterone, an ecdysteroid supplement derived from Ajuga turkestanica | Increased muscle mass and strength through a natural anabolic action |
| D | 24 | Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA fish-oil supplement) | Prevention of incident and recurrent depression in middle-aged and older adults without clinically relevant symptoms at baseline |
| D | 24 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, fat-soluble vitamin supplement; cardiovascular efficacy axis) | Primary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in generally healthy middle-aged and older adults |
| D | 24 | Selenium (L-selenomethionine or selenium, an antioxidant trace-mineral supplement) | Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults |
| D | 24 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, a fat-soluble secosteroid vitamin sold as a nonprescription medicine and supplement) | Reduction of body weight, body mass index, and body fat in adults with overweight or obesity |
| D | 24 | Propranolol (a prescription nonselective beta-blocker, marketed as Indenol in Korea) | Sustained treatment of core symptoms in panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and other anxiety disorders rather than one-time performance anxiety |
| D | 24 | Pinhole glasses (non-drug multiple-aperture optical vision-training product) | Permanent reduction of myopic refractive error and restoration of unaided vision through continued wear |
| D | 24 | Oolong tea (partially oxidized Camellia sinensis, food or supplement) | Reduced body weight and body fat in adults with overweight or obesity through daily consumption |
| D | 24 | Polygala tenuifolia root extract (saponin-containing herbal supplement) | Treatment of depressive and anxiety symptoms with a single extract |
| D | 24 | Acupressure or spike mat (multi-point pressure bedding, non-medical sleep product) | Improved sleep onset, deep sleep, and insomnia severity when used before bed |
| D | 24 | Waist trainer or slimming corset (a nonmedical compression shapewear garment) | Persistent reduction of abdominal fat and waist circumference with continued wear |
| D | 24 | LGG plus BB-12 probiotics as oral capsules containing Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 | Prevention of gestational diabetes when taken during pregnancy |
| D | 24 | Oral cannabidiol isolate, or CBD isolate, at 400 to 600 mg | Clinically meaningful relief of musculoskeletal pain, including acute low back pain and knee osteoarthritis. |
| D | 24 | CagriSema (once-weekly subcutaneous cagrilintide 2.4 mg plus semaglutide 2.4 mg) | Weight loss noninferior to tirzepatide 15 mg in obesity treatment |
| D | 24 | Evening primrose oil (a gamma-linolenic-acid-containing botanical oil supplement) | Relief of cyclical mastalgia |
| D | 24 | Diazepam (prescription benzodiazepine) | Rapid reduction of pain and disability in acute nonspecific low back pain |
| D | 24 | Mite-impermeable bedding covers for mattresses, pillows, and duvets (household environmental intervention) | Relief of house-dust-mite allergic rhinitis symptoms |
| D | 24 | Customized orthotic insoles (non-drug foot orthoses) | Prevention of low back pain and duty suspension during prolonged walking or training |
| D | 24 | Therapeutic ultrasound for acute ankle sprain rehabilitation | Reduction of pain and swelling and acceleration of functional recovery after acute ankle sprain |
| D | 24 | Cervical pessary (a silicone device placed around the cervix) | Prevention of preterm birth in singleton pregnancy with a short cervix |
| D | 23 | Acer tegmentosum extract (traditional maple-family ingredient and supplement) | Relief of hangover and improvement of alcohol-related liver injury, fatty liver, and liver enzymes |
| D | 23 | Quercetin (a flavonol supplement marketed as a senolytic) | Extension of human healthspan and lifespan by clearing senescent cells |
| D | 23 | Ginkgo biloba extract (flavonoid- and terpene-lactone supplement or herbal medicine) | Lower intraocular pressure and slower visual-field loss in normal-tension glaucoma |
| D | 22 | D-mannose | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection |
| D | 22 | Oscillococcinum, Anas barbariae hepatis et cordis extractum 200C | Prevention of influenza-like illness and shortening of symptom duration |
| D | 22 | Pregnenolone (neurosteroid and hormone-precursor supplement) | Improved memory, cognition, and brain aging in healthy middle-aged and older adults |
| D | 22 | Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA; fish-oil supplement) | Suppression of age-related macular degeneration progression and vision loss when added to an AREDS formulation |
| D | 22 | Folic acid plus vitamins B6 and B12 (a homocysteine-lowering combination of folic acid, pyridoxine, and cobalamin) | Prevention of new-onset depression in middle-aged and older women without a history of depression |
| D | 22 | Volufiline, a cosmetic trade ingredient containing a sarsasapogenin-rich Anemarrhena asphodeloides root extract in hydrogenated polyisobutene | Filler-like correction of under-eye and cheek hollows by increasing fat volume |
| D | 22 | Modafinil 200 mg as a prescription oral tablet | Reduction of cancer-related fatigue across patients with cancer |
| D | 22 | Regular breast self-examination taught and performed monthly | Earlier breast cancer detection and lower breast cancer mortality |
| D | 22 | CA-125 plus transvaginal-ultrasound ovarian cancer screening in asymptomatic women at average risk | Earlier detection and lower ovarian or tubal cancer mortality |
| D | 22 | Mechanical lumbar traction | Improved pain and function in subacute or chronic nonspecific low-back pain |
| D | 21 | Nateglinide (prescription meglitinide insulin secretagogue, marketed as Fastic; prevention use is unapproved) | Prevention of diabetes onset and major cardiovascular events in people with impaired glucose tolerance |
| D | 20 | Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT; a prescribed medical oxygen procedure) | Reversal of biological aging through improved telomere and immunosenescence markers |
| D | 20 | Detox foot pads (adhesive patches applied to the soles) | Removal of heavy metals and metabolic waste through the soles during overnight use |
| D | 20 | Routine normobaric oxygen (prophylactic oxygen for acute myocardial infarction without hypoxemia) | Reduced death and reinfarction in acute myocardial infarction without hypoxemia |
| D | score not listed | Green tea catechins (EGCG) | body-fat reduction |
| D | score not listed | Brewer’s yeast | hair-loss relief and hair |
| D | score not listed | NMN (nicotinamide mononucleotide) | anti-aging and NAD+ increase |
F Grade F · 116 · No effect has been repeatedly confirmed.
| F | 18 | Fenofibrate (fibrate, Lipidil, prescription) | Additional prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes |
| F | 18 | Glucosamine (a prescription product or dietary supplement) | Improvement of chronic low-back pain and disability in degenerative lumbar osteoarthritis |
| F | 18 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, a fat-soluble vitamin sold as a dietary supplement) | Increased total and free testosterone and improved sexual function in otherwise healthy men |
| F | 18 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, a fat-soluble vitamin sold nonprescription and as a supplement) | Improved pain and function and reduced cartilage loss in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis |
| F | 18 | Contractubex gel (a nonprescription topical scar medicine combining Allium cepa extract, heparin, and allantoin) | Superior improvement of scar color, thickness, and pliability and prevention of hypertrophic scarring after surgery or trauma versus other topical treatments |
| F | 18 | Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA; an adrenal androgen-precursor steroid sold as a supplement in some countries) | Improved live-birth rate after IVF or ICSI in women with diminished ovarian reserve or poor ovarian response |
| F | 18 | Melatonin (indoleamine sleep hormone; prescription prolonged-release medicine or supplement) | Prevention of delirium in hospitalized older adults and mechanically ventilated critically ill patients |
| F | 18 | Vitamin C (ascorbic acid, a water-soluble vitamin and antioxidant sold as a nonprescription supplement) | Prevention of delayed-onset muscle soreness and strength loss with high doses before and after exercise |
| F | 18 | Fractional carbon dioxide vaginal laser (three treatment sessions) | Improved vaginal dryness, burning, and dyspareunia in genitourinary syndrome of menopause |
| F | 18 | Intra-articular sodium hyaluronate (intra-articular hyaluronic acid viscosupplementation procedure) | Clinically meaningful improvement in knee osteoarthritis pain and function |
| F | 18 | Oral probiotics containing live Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, or related strains | Treatment of symptoms in established atopic dermatitis or eczema |
| F | 17 | Aspirin 300 mg oral tablet | Reduced recurrence and death after standard treatment for high-risk nonmetastatic HER2-negative breast cancer |
| F | 16 | Topical vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate; antioxidant cosmetic skin oil) | Cosmetic improvement of postsurgical scars and prevention of hypertrophic scarring |
| F | 16 | Amantadine sulfate (an NMDA-antagonist and dopaminergic antiparkinsonian prescription medicine sold as PK-Merz; off label for MS fatigue) | Improvement of chronic fatigue and daily function in people with multiple sclerosis |
| F | 15 | Deer velvet antler | Improved physical performance and exercise recovery |
| F | 15 | Simethicone (Mylicon, nonprescription antifoaming agent) | Reduced crying and symptoms caused by infantile colic |
| F | 15 | DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal androgen-precursor steroid sold abroad as a supplement) | General anti-aging rejuvenation of strength, body composition, cognition, and quality of life in healthy older adults |
| F | 15 | Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, 75 to 100 mg, an antiplatelet nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sold without prescription in some settings) | Increased live birth in women with unexplained recurrent miscarriage without antiphospholipid syndrome |
| F | 15 | Epidural steroid injection (spinal procedure commonly combined with local anesthetic) | Relieving leg pain and disability from lumbar spinal stenosis |
| F | 14 | Low-dose aspirin (100 mg; antiplatelet drug) | Prevention of dementia, mild cognitive impairment, and cognitive decline in healthy older adults |
| F | 14 | Boiled unfiltered coffee, four to six cups/day | Does not raise LDL or total cholesterol |
| F | 13 | Gabapentin (prescription gabapentinoid marketed as Neurontin) | Improved pain and function in chronic sciatica or lumbar radicular pain |
| F | 12 | D-aspartic acid | Increase in testosterone and muscle |
| F | 12 | Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol | Prevention of cancer incidence in generally healthy adults |
| F | 12 | Combined vitamins B6, B12, and folate | Prevention of dementia and cognitive decline by lowering homocysteine |
| F | 12 | Magnesium | Prevention of nocturnal idiopathic leg muscle cramps in older adults |
| F | 12 | Docusate sodium | Softening stool to improve constipation |
| F | 12 | Acetaminophen (paracetamol, Tylenol) | Sustained pain and function improvement in knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| F | 12 | Bitter orange extract (Citrus aurantium, p-synephrine) | Weight loss through thermogenesis and fat burning |
| F | 12 | Diphenhydramine (nonprescription antihistamine sleep aid) | Improvement of sleep onset, maintenance, and restorative sleep in chronic insomnia |
| F | 12 | Low-dose aspirin (100 mg, nonprescription antiplatelet medicine) | Primary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in healthy older adults without cardiovascular disease |
| F | 12 | Allopurinol (xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Zyloric, prescription medicine) | Prevention of kidney-function decline and kidney failure in gout-free asymptomatic hyperuricemia with chronic kidney disease |
| F | 12 | Dextromethorphan (nonprescription antitussive) | Relief of nocturnal cough and sleep disturbance from colds or upper respiratory infection in children |
| F | 12 | Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, or LGG, supplied as oral capsules or powder | Reduced severity and diarrhea duration in pediatric acute infectious gastroenteritis |
| F | 12 | Lateral-wedge insole (a nonmedical corrective shoe insert) | Improvement in pain, stiffness, and walking function in medial knee osteoarthritis |
| F | 12 | Cervical collar for immobilization after whiplash injury | Prevention of neck pain and disability after acute whiplash |
| F | 12 | Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS, fracture-healing medical device) | Acceleration of fracture union and functional recovery |
| F | 12 | Corticosteroid injection (local prescription injection such as peri-epicondylar triamcinolone) | Improved sustained one-year recovery and prevention of recurrence in lateral epicondylalgia |
| F | 12 | OnabotulinumtoxinA, an intramuscular botulinum toxin type A injection | Prevention of attack frequency in episodic migraine |
| F | 12 | Empiric DOAC treatment after embolic stroke of undetermined source, including rivaroxaban and dabigatran | Reduction in recurrent stroke or systemic embolism after embolic stroke of undetermined source |
| F | 12 | One whole avocado per day | Reduction of visceral adipose tissue |
| F | 12 | Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents used to normalize hemoglobin | Reduced cardiovascular events in nondialysis chronic kidney disease |
| F | 12 | Once-daily finger-stick self-monitoring of blood glucose in adults with type 2 diabetes not using insulin | Improved hemoglobin A1c at 52 weeks |
| F | 12 | An oxygen-saturation target strategy of 85–89% | Safety or overall benefit in extremely preterm infants |
| F | 10 | Vitamin E (high-dose alpha-tocopherol; mainly d-alpha or dl-alpha-tocopherol/acetate, including products of 400 IU or higher) | Antioxidant and cardiovascular health/cardiovascular disease prevention |
| F | 10 | Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) | Improvement of liver histology and fibrosis in MASH/NASH |
| F | 10 | Hyland's Calms Forté (multi-ingredient homeopathic product) | Relief of stress-related insomnia and restlessness with restful sleep free of next-day drowsiness |
| F | 10 | Copper bracelet (skin-worn device) | Relief of pain and inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis |
| F | 10 | Virgin coconut oil (capsules or edible oil) | Weight and body-fat reduction and metabolic enhancement |
| F | 10 | Static magnetic bracelet (magnetic health bracelet) | Improved pain, stiffness, and function in knee or hip osteoarthritis |
| F | 10 | Selenium (antioxidant trace-mineral supplement; glycemic efficacy axis) | Prevention of type 2 diabetes and improved glycemic control through antioxidant action |
| F | 10 | Colchicine (microtubule-inhibiting prescription anti-inflammatory drug; marketed in Korea as Colkin) | Treatment-level improvement in pain, stiffness, and physical function in knee osteoarthritis |
| F | 10 | Blue-light filtering spectacles (non-drug optical filters) | Relief of eye strain and dry eye and protection of the retina in digital-screen users |
| F | 10 | Beta-blockers, including metoprolol and bisoprolol (oral prescription tablets) | Prevention of death, reinfarction, and heart failure after myocardial infarction when left ventricular ejection fraction is at least 50% |
| F | 10 | Oral semaglutide 14 mg tablet | Delayed cognitive and functional decline in early Alzheimer disease |
| F | 10 | Vitamin C (oral 500 mg/day supplement) | Long-term prevention of age-related cataract onset, progression, and cataract surgery |
| F | 10 | Testosterone (1% transdermal gel) | Improved memory and cognition in older men with low testosterone |
| F | 10 | Autologous platelet-rich plasma injection | Recovery of pain and function in chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy |
| F | 10 | Lopinavir-ritonavir, a prescription HIV protease-inhibitor combination marketed as Kaletra | Reduced death and clinical progression in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| F | 10 | Intravenous hydroxyethyl starch, an HES synthetic colloid fluid | Improved mortality and kidney outcomes during fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis |
| F | 10 | Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy based on embryo biopsy, a chromosome-screening strategy known as PGT-A | Increased cumulative live birth in good-prognosis IVF patients with at least three good-quality blastocysts |
| F | 10 | Advice to use bed rest for acute sciatica | Improved pain, function, and overall recovery |
| F | 10 | Bed rest after lumbar puncture instead of immediate mobilization | Prevention of post-puncture headache |
| F | 10 | Alcoholic beverages in women, per 10 g/day increase in ethanol | Breast-cancer prevention or risk reduction |
| F | 10 | Daily or at least four-times-weekly whole-body emollient or oil-bath use starting soon after birth | Prevention of infant atopic dermatitis |
| F | 9 | Bach Rescue Remedy five-flower essence blend | Relief of temporary stress and anxiety |
| F | 9 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP; a prescribed or rented sleep-breathing medical device) | Prevention of recurrent cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart-failure hospitalization in moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea with cardiovascular disease |
| F | 9 | BCG tuberculosis vaccine revaccination (intradermal BCG-Denmark) | Prevention of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in adults through nonspecific trained immunity |
| F | 8 | Inosine | Improved endurance and exercise performance |
| F | 8 | Bee pollen | Improved endurance, physical performance, and post-exercise recovery |
| F | 8 | Selenium | Prevention of prostate cancer in men from the general population |
| F | 8 | Oral homeopathic Arnica montana 30C | Reduced bruising, contusions, post-exercise muscle soreness, and swelling |
| F | 8 | ZMA complex (zinc-magnesium aspartate plus vitamin B6) | Increased testosterone, muscle mass, and vitality in healthy men |
| F | 8 | Bach Rescue Remedy (Five Flower flower essence) | Relief of acute stress and test anxiety |
| F | 8 | Theobromine (a cocoa methylxanthine) | Gentler and longer-lasting alertness and energy than caffeine |
| F | 8 | Oral phenylephrine (nonprescription ingredient in products such as Pancol-A and Contac) | Relief of nasal congestion from a cold or allergic rhinitis |
| F | 8 | Glonoinum 30C (single-ingredient ultra-dilute homeopathic product) | Rapid relief of menopausal hot flashes with accompanying headache |
| F | 8 | Nux vomica 30C homeopathic product | Relief of heartburn and dyspepsia |
| F | 8 | Amoxicillin (prescription penicillin antibiotic) | Shorter cough and recovery in uncomplicated acute bronchitis when pneumonia is not suspected |
| F | 8 | Codeine (prescription opioid antitussive) | Reduced frequency and severity of cough from the common cold or acute upper respiratory infection |
| F | 8 | High-dose vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol 400 to 600 IU, a fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin supplement and ingredient in some nonprescription products) | Reduced incidence and progression of age-related cataract and lower risk of cataract surgery |
| F | 8 | Activated charcoal capsules (porous carbon adsorbent supplement) | Reduced alcohol absorption, blood alcohol, and hangover when taken before or after drinking |
| F | 8 | Low-dose aspirin 100 mg (nonprescription antiplatelet drug) | Extension of disability-free survival and healthy lifespan in healthy adults aged 70 years or older without cardiovascular disease |
| F | 8 | Citicoline, or CDP-choline, a choline-related phospholipid precursor sold as a supplement and used as a medicine in some countries | Increased 90-day functional independence and neurological recovery after moderate-to-severe acute ischemic stroke |
| F | 8 | Coenzyme Q10, including ubiquinone and ubiquinol, a mitochondrial quinone antioxidant supplement | Delayed UPDRS functional decline and disease progression in early Parkinson disease |
| F | 8 | Transdermal testosterone gel (prescription androgen-replacement hormone) | Prevention of clinical fractures in middle-aged and older men with low testosterone |
| F | 8 | Creatine monohydrate (a guanidino ergogenic supplement) | Delayed long-term clinical progression and functional decline in early Parkinson disease |
| F | 8 | Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, a prescription gonadotropin injection) | Added to a very-low-calorie diet to reduce weight and hunger and redistribute body fat beyond diet alone |
| F | 8 | Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (orthopedic surgery) | Improved pain, locking, and knee function in middle-aged adults with degenerative meniscal tears |
| F | 8 | AOD-9604, a sixteen-amino-acid peptide derived from the C-terminal region of growth hormone and marketed for oral or subcutaneous use | Produced clinically meaningful weight and body-fat loss in adults with obesity when added to diet and exercise |
| F | 8 | Acupuncture as an adjunct before and after embryo transfer | Increased live-birth rate in women undergoing in vitro fertilization |
| F | 8 | Arthroscopic subacromial decompression (surgery including acromioplasty) | Improved shoulder pain and disability attributed to impingement syndrome |
| F | 8 | General health checks (multidisease and multirisk-factor screening packages) | Prevention of ischaemic heart disease and death in asymptomatic general adults |
| F | 8 | Prophylactic low-dose normobaric oxygen (routine use in acute stroke without hypoxia) | Reduction of death and disability after acute stroke |
| F | 8 | Levothyroxine (prescription synthetic T4 thyroid hormone) | Improved fatigue and thyroid-related symptoms in subclinical hypothyroidism |
| F | 8 | High-dose methylprednisolone (prescription systemic glucocorticoid) | Improved survival and neurologic recovery after acute traumatic brain injury |
| F | 8 | Systemic menopausal hormone therapy (oral conjugated equine estrogen alone or with medroxyprogesterone acetate) | Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in healthy postmenopausal women |
| F | 8 | High-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma | Reduced 28-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
| F | 7 | Percutaneous vertebroplasty (prescription procedure injecting PMMA bone cement) | Pain and functional improvement beyond sham for acute or subacute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures |
| F | 6 | Ivermectin (antiparasitic drug, Stromectol, prescription) | Reduced hospitalization, death, and recovery time in early COVID-19 |
| F | 6 | Hydroxychloroquine sulfate (a prescription 4-aminoquinoline immunomodulator; off-label for osteoarthritis) | Improved pain and function in hand osteoarthritis |
| F | 5 | High-dose beta-carotene, lung-cancer prevention axis in smokers | Prevention of lung cancer in smokers |
| F | 5 | Apoaequorin, marketed as Prevagen | Improvement in age-related memory decline and cognitive function |
| F | 5 | Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol | Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults without vitamin D deficiency |
| F | 5 | Ignatia amara 30C (an ultra-diluted homeopathic preparation) | Relief of emotional stress, irritability, and depressed mood |
| F | 5 | Colchicine (prescription anti-inflammatory drug; Colkin) | Reduced hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and 28-day mortality in COVID-19 |
| F | 5 | Calcarea carbonica 30C homeopathic product | Relief of infant cradle cap and seborrheic scalp dermatitis |
| F | 5 | Amygdalin and laetrile, related but chemically nonidentical agents that are often used interchangeably, also called vitamin B17 (cyanide-generating and unapproved alternative-treatment products) | Shrinking or treating cancer and extending survival with an apricot-kernel-derived substance |
| F | 5 | Pemafibrate (selective PPAR-alpha modulator, Parmodia, prescription lipid-lowering drug) | Prevention of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in type 2 diabetes with hypertriglyceridemia |
| F | 5 | Arthroscopic lavage or debridement of the knee (invasive surgical procedure) | Improvement in pain and function from knee osteoarthritis |
| F | 5 | Periodic chest-radiograph screening for lung cancer | Detecting lung cancer early and reducing lung-cancer mortality in asymptomatic adults |
| F | 5 | Power Balance hologram bracelet | Improved balance, flexibility, strength, and jump power |
| F | 5 | Routine episiotomy (a routine policy during vaginal birth) | Prevention of severe perineal or vaginal trauma |
| F | 4 | Hydroxychloroquine (antimalarial and immunomodulatory prescription drug) | Reduced mechanical ventilation and 28-day mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| F | 3 | Marine omega-3 EPA and DHA (fish-oil supplements and some prescription products) | Prevention of incident atrial fibrillation and protection of heart rhythm |
| F | score not listed | Saw palmetto | prostate health (urination) and hair-loss relief |
? Grade ? · 199 · Judgment deferred.
| ? | score not listed | Achyranthes root | Joints |
| ? | score not listed | Horny goat weed (Epimedium species, icariin) | Improvement of erectile function and libido |
| ? | score not listed | L-cystine | Improvement in diffuse hair loss and hair growth |
| ? | score not listed | Millet seed extract (Panicum miliaceum) | Reduction in hair loss and hair growth |
| ? | score not listed | Apigenin | Sleep quality and tension relief |
| ? | score not listed | Magnolia bark extract (honokiol and magnolol) | Improvement of anxiety, stress, and sleep |
| ? | score not listed | Dihydromyricetin (DHM) | Hangover prevention and relief |
| ? | score not listed | Artemisia capillaris extract | Liver detoxification and hangover improvement |
| ? | score not listed | Chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum) | Eye-fatigue relief and vision protection |
| ? | score not listed | Eyebright (Euphrasia officinalis) | Eye-fatigue relief and vision protection |
| ? | score not listed | Calcium alpha-ketoglutarate (Ca-AKG) | Reduction in biological age and lifespan extension |
| ? | score not listed | Activated charcoal capsules | Systemic toxin removal and detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Fadogia agrestis | Increased testosterone and male vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Damiana (Turnera diffusa) | Improved libido and sexual function |
| ? | score not listed | Jujube seed (Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa) | Improvement in insomnia and sleep quality |
| ? | score not listed | California poppy (Eschscholzia californica) | Improvement in sleep onset and sleep quality |
| ? | score not listed | Strontium citrate | Increased bone mineral density and fracture prevention |
| ? | score not listed | Luteolin | Senolytic action and inhibition of neurological aging |
| ? | score not listed | Mucuna pruriens (velvet bean) | Improvement of dopamine and mood |
| ? | score not listed | Lithium orotate | Mood stabilization and anxiety relief |
| ? | score not listed | Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus) | Thyroid, immune, and general health |
| ? | score not listed | Monolaurin (glycerol monolaurate) | Antibacterial, antiviral, and immune support |
| ? | score not listed | Colloidal silver | Infection prevention and enhanced immunity |
| ? | score not listed | Yohimbe bark extract (Pausinystalia johimbe) | Improved erectile function and libido |
| ? | score not listed | Cistanche tubulosa extract | Improvement of testosterone and sexual function |
| ? | score not listed | Wild lettuce extract (Lactuca virosa) | Sedation, sleep onset, and restful sleep |
| ? | score not listed | Slippery elm bark (Ulmus rubra) | Soothing acid reflux, heartburn, and a sensitive gut |
| ? | score not listed | Burdock root (Arctium lappa) | Liver detoxification and blood purification |
| ? | score not listed | Caper bush root (Capparis spinosa; an ingredient in LiverCare/Liv.52) | Hepatocyte protection and liver detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Horsetail extract and silica (Equisetum) | Reduced hair loss and stronger hair and nails |
| ? | score not listed | L-Methionine | Hair growth and stronger nails |
| ? | score not listed | Pine pollen | Increased testosterone and male vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Fulvic acid and humic minerals | Trace-mineral supplementation, heavy-metal detoxification, and general vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Coral calcium with alkalization claims | Body alkalization, chronic-disease prevention, and general health |
| ? | score not listed | Apigenin | Sleep, relaxation, and anxiety relief |
| ? | score not listed | Oral catalase | Prevention of gray or white hair and restoration of original hair color |
| ? | score not listed | Multi-ingredient senolytic blend, Qualia-type | Clearance of senescent cells, tissue rejuvenation, and extension of healthspan |
| ? | score not listed | Organic germanium Ge-132, carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide | Immune enhancement, anticancer effects, fatigue relief, and general vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Fullerene C60 in olive oil | Extension of lifespan and inhibition of aging |
| ? | score not listed | Betaine hydrochloride (Betaine HCl) | Correction of hypochlorhydria and improvement of impaired protein digestion |
| ? | score not listed | BPC-157 peptide (Body Protection Compound-157) | Healing of tendon, ligament, and muscle injuries and faster post-exercise recovery |
| ? | score not listed | Pentadecanoic acid, C15:0 | Reversal of cellular aging and extension of healthspan |
| ? | score not listed | Deuterium-depleted water, also called DDW or light water | Delayed aging and longer healthspan through lower body deuterium |
| ? | score not listed | L-proline | Improvement of skin elasticity and wrinkles through increased collagen synthesis |
| ? | score not listed | Polygonum multiflorum, Fo-Ti, or He Shou Wu | Improvement of hair loss and restoration of gray hair to black |
| ? | score not listed | Oregano oil from Origanum vulgare, typically carvacrol-rich | Treatment of Candida infection or overgrowth |
| ? | score not listed | Fingerroot extract, Boesenbergia pandurata, or panduratin | Reduction of body fat |
| ? | score not listed | Sarsaparilla root (Smilax species) | Blood purification and whole-body detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Bovine adrenal cortex extract (adrenal glandular) | Recovery from 'adrenal fatigue,' cortisol balance, and increased energy |
| ? | score not listed | Oral pearl powder (nacre, Margaritifera) | Skin lightening, radiance, regeneration, and anti-aging |
| ? | score not listed | Geranylgeraniol (GG) | Prevention of statin-related CoQ10 depletion and muscle pain |
| ? | score not listed | Ox bile extract (bovine bile acids) | Improved fat digestion and fat-soluble vitamin absorption after cholecystectomy |
| ? | score not listed | Dihydroberberine (DHB, GlucoVantage) | Improved postprandial glucose, insulin, and HbA1c |
| ? | score not listed | Suma root (Pfaffia/Hebanthe paniculata, Brazilian ginseng) | Increased testosterone, male libido, and vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Oral bovine thymus glandular extract | T-cell activation, enhanced immunity, and infection prevention |
| ? | score not listed | Oral salmon-derived polydeoxyribonucleotide (oral PDRN) | Cell regeneration, skin rejuvenation, and delayed aging |
| ? | score not listed | Metformin for anti-aging use in healthy people without diabetes | Delayed aging and extended healthspan in healthy people without diabetes |
| ? | score not listed | Freeze-dried bovine liver glandular for oral use | Liver detoxification and liver-function support |
| ? | score not listed | Coffea cruda 30C homeopathic preparation | Relief of insomnia caused by racing thoughts |
| ? | score not listed | 5-Amino-1MQ (biohacking ingredient and NNMT inhibitor) | Reduced body fat and increased metabolic rate through NNMT inhibition |
| ? | score not listed | Albizia julibrissin bark (He Huan Pi, herbal medicine) | Relief of depressed mood and elevation of mood |
| ? | score not listed | Bromelain (vitreous-floater efficacy claim) | Reduction of vitreous floaters and opacities |
| ? | score not listed | Sirolimus or rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor, Rapamune, prescription medicine) | Delayed aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | 5α-Hydroxy-laxogenin (dietary supplement) | Increased muscle mass and strength as a 'natural anabolic' |
| ? | score not listed | Topical castor oil (Ricinus communis oil used as a scalp oil) | Hair growth and reversal of hair loss through scalp application |
| ? | score not listed | Reduced NMN (dihydronicotinamide mononucleotide, NMNH, supplement) | Delayed aging, improved cellular energy, and longer healthspan through a surge in NAD⁺ |
| ? | score not listed | Mimosa pudica seed (sensitive-plant seed supplement) | Removal of intestinal parasites and gut cleansing or detoxification |
| ? | score not listed | Catuaba bark supplement | Increased male libido, erectile function, and testosterone |
| ? | score not listed | Freeze-dried bovine orchic glandular supplement | Increased testosterone, libido, and male vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Goat's rue (Galega officinalis lactation supplement) | Increased breast-milk production in lactating women |
| ? | score not listed | Triphala (a three-fruit Ayurvedic combination ingredient) | Improved bowel-movement frequency and completeness in chronic or functional constipation |
| ? | score not listed | Mullein leaf (Verbascum; herbal supplement or tea) | Lung cleansing, phlegm clearance, and improved bronchial and respiratory health |
| ? | score not listed | Black walnut–wormwood–clove complex (multi-herb supplement) | Removal of intestinal parasites or a parasite cleanse |
| ? | score not listed | Bovine thyroid glandular (thyroid-tissue supplement) | Improved energy, metabolism, and fatigue through thyroid support |
| ? | score not listed | Agaricus blazei extract (Agaricus mushroom supplement) | Cancer prevention, reduced recurrence, and prolonged survival |
| ? | score not listed | Cistanche tubulosa or Cistanche deserticola extract supplement | Delayed aging and extended human healthspan and lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Acarbose (prescription alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; Glucobay) | Delayed aging and extended healthspan and lifespan in healthy people without diabetes |
| ? | score not listed | Tributyrin (butyrate-precursor supplement) | Improved intestinal permeability or leaky gut and relief of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Fenbendazole (a veterinary benzimidazole anthelmintic) | Tumor shrinkage and longer survival in people with advanced cancer |
| ? | score not listed | Hyland's Bioplasma 12 cell salts (homeopathic tissue-salt product) | Relief of fatigue and nervous tension |
| ? | score not listed | N-acetyl-L-tyrosine (NALT, dietary supplement) | Greater absorption than ordinary L-tyrosine, leading to improved focus and cognition under stress |
| ? | score not listed | 5-Deazaflavin TND1128 (biohacking supplement) | Delayed aging and extended healthspan through NAD and mitochondrial activation |
| ? | score not listed | Marshmallow root (Althaea officinalis, herbal product) | Relief of gastroesophageal reflux and gastrointestinal irritation, with protection and repair of intestinal mucosa |
| ? | score not listed | Rhus toxicodendron 30C homeopathic product | Relief of joint pain, stiffness, and weather-related muscle pain |
| ? | score not listed | Blue lotus extract oil (Nymphaea caerulea aromatherapy product) | Stress and anxiety relief and mind-body calming through inhaled or topical aromatherapy |
| ? | score not listed | Himalayan pink salt (rock salt) | Mineral and electrolyte replacement and hydration superior to ordinary salt |
| ? | score not listed | Gluten digestive enzyme blend containing DPP-IV, including supplements marketed around AN-PEP-like activity | Prevention of accidental gluten exposure and intestinal mucosal injury in celiac disease |
| ? | score not listed | Low-dose lithium orotate supplement | Delayed aging and extension of healthspan and lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Goat milk protein supplement | Superior prevention of age-related sarcopenia and greater muscle mass and strength than whey or cow-milk protein |
| ? | score not listed | Agarwood extract or agarwood pill, a traditional Aquilaria supplement | Improvement of chronic fatigue and low vitality with immediate restoration of energy |
| ? | score not listed | Korean black goat extract (Capra hircus coreanae, traditional animal-derived food and supplement) | Improvement of anemia and chronic fatigue and restoration of energy in overworked or debilitated people |
| ? | score not listed | Intravenous NAD+ (self-pay wellness infusion) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Glycine alone (nonessential amino acid supplement) | Slowing human aging and extending healthspan and lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Berberine (isoquinoline alkaloid supplement; anti-aging efficacy axis) | Slower human aging and extended healthspan and lifespan through AMPK activation |
| ? | score not listed | Apigenin alone (a flavone polyphenol supplement marketed as a senomorphic) | Slower aging rate and extended healthspan and lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Taurine (an aminosulfonic-acid neuromodulator supplement) | Shorter sleep-onset latency and better sleep quality after taurine alone at bedtime |
| ? | score not listed | Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus, red-seaweed supplement) | Appetite suppression and weight loss |
| ? | score not listed | Shilajit, also called mumijo, a natural fulvic-acid and mineral complex sold as a supplement | Slowing biological aging in humans and extending healthspan or lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Caprylic acid (octanoic acid; C8 medium-chain fatty-acid supplement) | Eradicate intestinal Candida overgrowth and improve bloating when taken orally |
| ? | score not listed | Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus, a red-algae supplement) | Higher circulating testosterone and improved libido and male vitality in healthy men |
| ? | score not listed | Desiccated beef liver (whole-food supplement derived from bovine organ tissue) | Increase everyday energy and reduce fatigue in adults without a confirmed nutritional deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Topical beef tallow (rendered and refined bovine fat used as an occlusive moisturizing cosmetic ingredient or consumer product) | Treatment-level improvement of itching, inflammation, and skin-barrier damage in atopic eczema |
| ? | score not listed | Self-instillation of 100% castor oil (ricinoleic-acid-rich plant oil; nonsterile general-purpose oil) | Dissolution or reversal of age-related cataract with restored vision after ocular instillation |
| ? | score not listed | Liquid chlorophyll, usually a supplement containing the chlorophyll derivative sodium copper chlorophyllin | Increased everyday energy and improved fatigue recovery in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Royal jelly, a bee product containing 10-HDA and sold as a dietary supplement | Slowed biological aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Batana or ojon oil, an Elaeis oleifera kernel oil used as a botanical scalp cosmetic | Follicle reactivation, hair regrowth, and reversal of androgenetic alopecia |
| ? | score not listed | Creatine monohydrate, a guanidino nitrogen compound sold as a dietary supplement | Slowed biological aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Glucose-electrolyte drink mix (a sodium, potassium, and glucose supplement, including Liquid I.V.) | Improved everyday fatigue and energy in healthy people without dehydration or prolonged exercise |
| ? | score not listed | Liquid sodium copper chlorophyllin (a water-soluble chlorophyll derivative supplement) | Appetite suppression and reductions in weight and body fat without dietary or exercise changes |
| ? | score not listed | Mushroom coffee (a conventional food combining coffee with functional mushrooms such as lion's mane, chaga, and cordyceps) | More sustained everyday energy and less fatigue than regular coffee containing the same amount of caffeine |
| ? | score not listed | Castor-oil liver pack (Ricinus communis oil, a ricinoleic-acid-rich topical wellness product) | Liver detoxification and improvement of liver enzymes and fatty liver through right-upper-abdominal application |
| ? | score not listed | Bone-broth protein (an animal-derived food supplement containing collagen and gelatin) | Improvement of leaky gut and intestinal permeability and restoration of the intestinal barrier |
| ? | score not listed | Liposomal reduced glutathione (GSH, a thiol antioxidant supplement) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan and lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Oral sodium copper chlorophyllin (a water-soluble chlorophyll derivative sold as a supplement) | Reduced acne lesions and cleansed skin after liquid or capsule ingestion |
| ? | score not listed | Irish sea moss (Chondrus crispus, a carrageenan-containing red-seaweed supplement) | Increase of beneficial gut bacteria and improvement of constipation, bloating, and irritable bowel syndrome in humans |
| ? | score not listed | Apple cider vinegar (ACV, an acetic-acid fermented food and supplement) | Improvement of liver fat, alanine aminotransferase, and fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| ? | score not listed | Oral egg-white ovalbumin (ordinary food used as a protein supplement) | Immediate fatigue recovery, greater vitality, and increased serum albumin in generally well-nourished people |
| ? | score not listed | Fermented rice water, including rice water or Oryza sativa fermentation filtrate (a starch-based topical scalp cosmetic, not a medicine) | Stopping androgenetic alopecia and regrowing hair through scalp application or shampoo use |
| ? | score not listed | Celtic sea salt (predominantly sodium chloride sea salt; conventional food) | Recovery from alleged adrenal fatigue and improved daily energy by drinking salt water in the morning |
| ? | score not listed | Astaxanthin (a xanthophyll carotenoid supplement commonly derived from Haematococcus microalgae) | Slower biological aging, longer healthspan, and longer lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ disodium, a redox-active quinone supplement) | Slower aging, longer healthspan, and longer lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Urolithin A (Mitopure; a gut-microbiome-derived postbiotic supplement) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan and lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Red and near-infrared photobiomodulation device (a non-drug 660- and 850-nm LED panel or belt marketed for wellness) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan and lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Wheatgrass, the young leaves of Triticum aestivum used as a green-food powder or juice supplement | Liver detoxification and improvement of liver enzymes and liver fat in MASLD |
| ? | score not listed | Exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB ketone salts, mineral-salt ketone-body supplements) | Slower biological aging and extended healthspan and lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Whole-body cryotherapy (exposure in an extreme-cold chamber at -110 degrees Celsius or below; nonmedical wellness procedure) | Longer healthspan and lifespan through lower systemic inflammation and slower aging |
| ? | score not listed | Magnesium bisglycinate or glycinate (a chelated magnesium salt sold as a supplement) | Relief of adult anxiety and tension through absorption superior to ordinary magnesium |
| ? | score not listed | Trehalose (a nonreducing disaccharide and candidate autophagy modulator used as a food ingredient or supplement) | Oral activation of autophagy with slower human aging and improved healthspan and overall lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Transdermal magnesium chloride spray or oil (topical wellness product, not a medicine) | Improved sleep onset, deep sleep, and nighttime awakenings after application to the skin or feet before bed |
| ? | score not listed | Oral methylene blue (redox-active compound sold in unapproved wellness products abroad) | Slowing the rate of aging and extending healthspan and overall lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Peppermint essential oil (menthol-based topical cosmetic or supplement ingredient) | Topical promotion of hair regrowth in androgenetic alopecia |
| ? | score not listed | MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide supplied as an investigational subcutaneous injection | Slower aging and functional decline through improved mitochondrial function in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Black sesame and sesamin supplied as oral foods or capsules and as topical scalp oils or products | Improved androgenetic alopecia and hair regrowth after topical or oral use |
| ? | score not listed | Testicular red and near-infrared photobiomodulation (600–1100 nm home LED wellness device) | Increased blood testosterone, libido, and vitality in healthy men |
| ? | score not listed | Topical NAD+ serum (anti-aging cosmetic) | Reduced facial wrinkles and improved elasticity and skin aging through increased cellular energy |
| ? | score not listed | Vitamin B12 (cobalamin, water-soluble vitamin, nonprescription supplement or injection) | Metabolism enhancement and weight loss in adults without vitamin B12 deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Canagliflozin (prescription SGLT2 inhibitor; Invokana) | Delayed aging and extended healthspan and total lifespan in healthy people without diabetes |
| ? | score not listed | Monk fruit extract (Siraitia grosvenorii and mogroside V natural sweetener used as food) | Direct reduction of body weight and body fat when consumed alone |
| ? | score not listed | Transdermal NAD+ patch (NAD-related wellness supplement patch, non-drug product) | Higher systemic NAD+ through skin absorption, slower aging, and longer healthspan |
| ? | score not listed | Intranasal NAD+ spray (unapproved coenzyme-based wellness product sold through cross-border channels) | Improved daily energy and focus and reduced fatigue through nasal absorption |
| ? | score not listed | Transdermal slimming or weight-loss patch (herbal-mixture adhesive patch; non-drug product) | Reduced appetite, abdominal fat, and body weight through metabolic control simply by wearing the patch |
| ? | score not listed | Molecular-hydrogen inhalation device (water-electrolysis H2/O2 wellness device; non-medical device) | Slower biological aging and longer healthspan and lifespan through regular hydrogen inhalation |
| ? | score not listed | Reduced NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride, a vitamin B3-derived coenzyme sold as an oral supplement) | Slower human aging and extended healthspan or lifespan through restored mitochondrial energy |
| ? | score not listed | Epitalon/Epithalon (AEDG synthetic tetrapeptide; marketed as an unapproved research product) | Slower human aging and extended healthspan and lifespan through telomerase activation |
| ? | score not listed | Fursultiamine injection (fursultiamine or TTFD, active vitamin B1 derivative, self-paid injection also called a garlic shot) | Immediate fatigue relief and increased vitality in generally healthy adults without vitamin B1 deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Transdermal vitamin B12 patch (a nonmedical wellness cobalamin supplement patch) | Immediate improvement in energy, concentration, and fatigue through skin absorption in adults without vitamin B12 deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Oral adenosine-5'-triphosphate disodium (PeakATP; nucleotide supplement) | Increased everyday energy and improvement of chronic fatigue independent of exercise |
| ? | score not listed | Trimethylglycine (TMG or anhydrous betaine, a methyl-donor supplement) | Slowed biological aging and extended healthspan through DNA methylation and homocysteine regulation |
| ? | score not listed | Brown noise or Brownian noise (a low-frequency-emphasized continuous sound delivered as a nonmedical digital audio track or app) | Shorter sleep onset, deeper sleep, and improved sleep maintenance when played during bedtime |
| ? | score not listed | Low-dose oral methylene blue, or methylthioninium chloride (a mitochondrial redox drug marketed as an unapproved wellness supplement) | Slower human aging and longer healthspan and lifespan through improved mitochondrial efficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Oleuropein (an olive-leaf secoiridoid polyphenol taken as an oral supplement) | Delayed biological aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Everolimus (an oral prescription mTORC1-inhibiting rapalog, Afinitor) | Slower aging rate and longer healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Sulforaphane (broccoli-sprout-derived isothiocyanate supplement) | Slower biological aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Bovine colostrum (supplement containing immunoglobulins and growth factors) | Slower biological aging and extended healthspan or lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Young-donor plasma infusion (blood-product-based unapproved anti-aging procedure) | Reversal of aging, restored memory, and extended healthspan and lifespan |
| ? | score not listed | Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation wearable (consumer electrical-stimulation device) | Slower biological aging, longer healthspan, and longer lifespan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | Wearable core-temperature or heat-stress sensor (heat-flux sensor device) | Prevention of heat exhaustion and heatstroke during exercise or outdoor work |
| ? | score not listed | Houttuynia cordata extract (topical scalp tonic or shampoo) | Suppression of androgenetic alopecia and hair regrowth after scalp application |
| ? | score not listed | Mesenchymal stromal or stem cell-derived exosomes administered intravenously as an unapproved procedure | Reversal of systemic aging and extension of healthspan in healthy adults |
| ? | score not listed | SLU-PP-332, a research small-molecule ERR-alpha, beta, and gamma agonist marketed online for oral or injectable use | Improved human endurance and muscle function without exercise |
| ? | score not listed | KPV tripeptide, Lys-Pro-Val, sold as oral capsules or a research peptide | Relief of inflammatory bowel disease or so-called leaky-gut symptoms by improving intestinal inflammation and permeability. |
| ? | score not listed | FOXO4-DRI (synthetic senolytic peptide marketed for subcutaneous injection; research use) | Reversal of human aging rate and functional decline by clearing senescent cells |
| ? | score not listed | Cardarine (GW501516 or GW1516, an oral PPAR-delta agonist distributed on the black market as a research chemical) | Improved endurance and exercise performance in humans |
| ? | score not listed | Whole garlic-chive leaves | Improved erectile function or sexual vitality |
| ? | score not listed | Whole minari (Oenanthe javanica) | Relief of hangover symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Whole perilla or shiso leaves | Relief of seasonal allergic-rhinitis symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Whole Swiss chard | Correction of iron-deficiency anemia |
| ? | score not listed | Whole crown daisy | Improved sleep quality and sleep onset |
| ? | score not listed | Whole daikon radish or radish juice (Raphanus sativus) | Relief of functional dyspepsia symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Whole carrots or carrot juice (Daucus carota) | Improved vision in people with normal sight and no vitamin A deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | Whole lotus root or lotus-root juice (Nelumbo nucifera rhizome) | Relief of cough and sputum in bronchitis |
| ? | score not listed | Mature pumpkin juice | Reduced postpartum edema |
| ? | score not listed | Whole bell peppers and sweet peppers | Improved eye fatigue and visual function |
| ? | score not listed | Whole Korean melon including seeds and placenta | Constipation relief and more frequent bowel movements |
| ? | score not listed | Dried persimmon | Shorter acute diarrhea, fewer stools, or improved stool consistency |
| ? | score not listed | Cooked whole ginkgo nuts | Improved memory |
| ? | score not listed | Cooked whole black soybeans | Reduced hair loss and reversal of gray hair |
| ? | score not listed | Yuja tea made by diluting sweetened yuja preserve in water | Shorter common-cold duration and milder symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Dunggulle tea brewed from roasted Polygonatum odoratum rhizome | Recovery from everyday fatigue in non-deficient adults |
| ? | score not listed | Miyeokguk made by rehydrating and cooking dried wakame | Faster recovery of postpartum fatigue, pain, anemia, function, or recovery time |
| ? | score not listed | Dried unseasoned nori from Pyropia or Neopyropia species | Faster growth velocity and increased height in children |
| ? | score not listed | Whole raw or cooked oysters | Improved libido, erectile function, and overall sexual function |
| ? | score not listed | Chueotang, Korean loach soup made with bone-ground loach, doenjang, perilla seed, and vegetables | Reduced fatigue and improved vitality or recovery |
| ? | score not listed | About one to two teaspoons of prepared yellow table mustard | Immediate relief and shorter duration of exercise-associated muscle cramps |
| ? | score not listed | About one clove per day of raw or crushed fresh garlic | Prevention of common-cold occurrence |
| ? | score not listed | Sagol-guk or gomtang, a soup made by prolonged simmering of beef bones | Reduced osteoarthritis pain and improved physical function |
| ? | score not listed | A complete bowl of samgyetang made from a young chicken, glutinous rice, ginseng, garlic, and jujube | Reduced fatigue and improved vitality or recovery |
| ? | score not listed | Commercial blue-agave syrup or agave nectar | Improved long-term HbA1c and diabetes management |
| ? | score not listed | Air-fried potatoes | Reduced cancer incidence versus deep-fried potatoes |
| ? | score not listed | Unpasteurized makgeolli 300 mL/day, about 14.2 g ethanol if 6% ABV | Improved bowel movements and constipation relief |
| ? | score not listed | Eating raw cucumber and raw radish after cutting them together | Worsened vitamin C status or clinical deficiency |
| ? | score not listed | About one persimmon eaten with one serving of properly cooked crab | Combination-specific poisoning, abdominal pain, or diarrhea |
| ? | score not listed | Indoor-air humidification in schools, workplaces, or homes | Prevention of upper respiratory tract infection incidence in humans |
| ? | score not listed | Tilting the head back during a nosebleed | Hemostasis and shorter bleeding time |
| ? | score not listed | Inhaled or sprayed hinoki phytoncide, including cypress essential-oil and cypress-water products | Prevention of infections and infection-related hospitalization |
| ? | score not listed | An onion kept in a room | Common-cold prevention |
| ? | score not listed | Adult mewing, tongue-posture training, or oral-posture training | Persistent change in jaw bones or facial contour |
| ? | score not listed | Coffee enema | Liver detoxification and toxin elimination |
| ? | score not listed | Double voiding: waiting or changing position after a first void and urinating again | Prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection, acute retention, catheterization, or hospitalization |