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Heart & Circulation
Heart & Circulation verdicts ranked by evidence score. 252 verdicts in this category.
83 foods and supplements claimed to help heart and circulation, ranked by evidence
Drugs and procedures removed — only what you swallow, ordered by how strong the evidence is.
Heart & Circulation Evidence Ranking
Within this category, verdicts with higher evidence scores appear first. Verdicts without a score stay lower in the same list.
| A | 94 | Spironolactone (mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist and potassium-sparing diuretic, Aldactone, prescription drug) | Reduced all-cause mortality and hospitalization for worsening heart failure in severe symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 94 | Enalapril (oral prescription angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in symptomatic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 94 | Low-dose aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid, antiplatelet drug available by prescription and over the counter) | Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death in patients with established myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke |
| A | 92 | Simvastatin (statin, Zocor, prescription medicine) | Reduced myocardial infarction, stroke, and vascular death in people at high cardiovascular risk |
| A | 92 | Bisoprolol (a prescription beta-1-selective beta blocker marketed as Concor) | Reduced all-cause mortality, sudden death, and heart-failure hospitalization in stable symptomatic HFrEF |
| A | 92 | Streptokinase (plasminogen-activating thrombolytic, prescription injection) | Reduced short-term and one-year mortality with early intravenous treatment of acute myocardial infarction |
| A | 90 | Plant sterols and stanols | Reduction in LDL cholesterol |
| A | 90 | Warfarin (prescription vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant; Coumadin) | Prevention of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| A | 90 | Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD, prescription cardiac electrical-therapy device and procedure) | Reduced all-cause mortality in patients at least 40 days after myocardial infarction with LVEF of 30% or less |
| A | 90 | Medical intermittent pneumatic compression (sequential compression medical device; prescribed inpatient procedure) | Prevention of proximal deep-vein thrombosis and death in immobile patients with acute stroke |
| A | 88 | Oat beta-glucan | Blood cholesterol improvement (LDL-C and total cholesterol) |
| A | 88 | Atorvastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, Lipitor, prescription medicine) | Additional reduction of major cardiovascular events with high-intensity dosing in established coronary disease |
| A | 88 | Pravastatin (prescription HMG-CoA reductase-inhibiting statin; Mevalotin) | Primary prevention of coronary heart disease death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in adults with hypercholesterolemia and no prior myocardial infarction |
| A | 88 | Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (an exercise-and-education healthcare delivery program) | Reduced recurrent myocardial infarction and hospitalisation in people with coronary heart disease |
| A | 88 | Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT, an implantable biventricular pacing device) | Reduced mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in eligible patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction |
| A | 86 | Intensive blood-pressure control (strategy targeting systolic pressure below 120 mmHg) | Reduction of major cardiovascular events and death in high-risk hypertension |
| A | 86 | Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (primary PCI or primary coronary angioplasty) | Reduction of death, reinfarction, and disabling stroke versus fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction |
| A | 86 | Percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure | Reduction of recurrent stroke after a carefully evaluated cryptogenic ischemic stroke |
| A | 84 | Amlodipine (prescription long-acting dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker; Norvasc) | Sustained blood-pressure reduction and cardiovascular-risk reduction in adults with hypertension |
| A | 84 | Reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute | Reduced stroke and major cardiovascular events |
| A | 84 | Transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR; transfemoral catheter-based bioprosthetic valve procedure) | Reduction of death, stroke, and rehospitalization in severe symptomatic aortic stenosis |
| A | 84 | Mediterranean dietary pattern emphasizing extra-virgin olive oil, nuts, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fish | Reduced myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in high-risk adults |
| A | 82 | Clopidogrel (prescription P2Y12 antiplatelet agent) | Reduced recurrence of myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and vascular death in patients with atherosclerotic disease |
| B | 79 | Apixaban (prescription factor Xa inhibitor anticoagulant, Eliquis) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 79 | Tafamidis (TTR stabilizer, Vyndamax, prescription medicine) | Reduction in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy |
| B | 79 | Sotatercept-csrk (Winrevair, a prescription subcutaneous activin-signaling inhibitor biologic) | Reduced composite risk of death, lung transplantation, or hospitalization for worsening disease in high-risk pulmonary arterial hypertension despite maximally tolerated background therapy |
| B | 78 | Evolocumab (PCSK9 monoclonal antibody; prescription Repatha) | Reduced recurrent myocardial infarction and stroke in statin-treated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease |
| B | 78 | Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitor, Farxiga, prescription) | Reduced composite risk of worsening heart failure or hospitalization and cardiovascular death regardless of diabetes status |
| B | 78 | Dabigatran etexilate (direct thrombin-inhibitor DOAC, Pradaxa, prescription) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 78 | Alirocumab (PCSK9-inhibiting monoclonal antibody, Praluent, prescription) | Reduction of recurrent major cardiovascular events after a recent acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 78 | Ivabradine (oral prescription sinoatrial If-channel inhibitor; Procoralan) | Reduced combined risk of hospitalization for worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death in HFrEF with sinus rhythm and elevated heart rate |
| B | 78 | Vutrisiran (Amvuttra, quarterly subcutaneous prescription siRNA) | Reduced mortality and recurrent cardiovascular events in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy |
| B | 77 | Sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto, prescription angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor) | Reduced cardiovascular death and heart-failure hospitalization in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| B | 77 | Edoxaban (oral factor Xa inhibitor direct oral anticoagulant, Lixiana, prescription drug) | Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation |
| B | 77 | Tirzepatide, a prescription injectable dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Mounjaro | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure and improved health status in HFpEF with obesity |
| B | 76 | Low-dose rivaroxaban 2.5 mg plus aspirin (Xarelto combination, prescription) | Reduction in cardiovascular death, stroke, or myocardial infarction in stable coronary or peripheral artery disease |
| B | 76 | Enoxaparin (low-molecular-weight heparin, Clexane, prescription injection) | Reduced composite risk of death or nonfatal recurrent myocardial infarction versus unfractionated heparin in fibrinolysis-treated STEMI |
| B | 76 | Prasugrel (P2Y12 inhibitor; Effient; prescription medicine) | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke versus clopidogrel in acute coronary syndrome scheduled for PCI |
| B | 76 | Cilostazol (PDE3-inhibiting antiplatelet drug, Pletal, prescription medicine) | Prevention of recurrent stroke after noncardioembolic ischemic stroke |
| B | 76 | Dispatcher-assisted compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an emergency medical dispatch-system intervention) | Increased survival to hospital discharge after non-asphyxial out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
| B | 76 | Lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor | Reduced early mortality and severe ventricular dysfunction after acute myocardial infarction |
| B | 76 | Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation | Lower all-cause death or worsening-heart-failure hospitalization in atrial fibrillation with HFrEF |
| B | 76 | Cardiovascular polypill (fixed-dose aspirin 100 mg, atorvastatin 20 or 40 mg, and ramipril 2.5, 5, or 10 mg) | Reduction of recurrent major cardiovascular events after recent myocardial infarction |
| B | 76 | Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) | Reduction of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke versus PCI in diabetes with multivessel coronary disease |
| B | 76 | Empagliflozin 10 mg, a prescription SGLT2 inhibitor | Reduced cardiovascular death or heart-failure hospitalization in chronic heart failure with ejection fraction above 40% |
| B | 76 | Total trans-fat intake during a period dominated by industrial trans fat | More myocardial infarction and coronary death |
| B | 76 | Coronary CT angiography added to standard care | Prevention of coronary death or nonfatal myocardial infarction in stable chest pain |
| B | 76 | Cardiovascular polypill containing simvastatin, atenolol, hydrochlorothiazide, and ramipril | Primary prevention in people without cardiovascular disease |
| B | 76 | Early transcatheter aortic-valve replacement for asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis | Reduced death, stroke, or unplanned cardiovascular hospitalization |
| B | 76 | Once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg | Reduction of major cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity, established cardiovascular disease, and no diabetes |
| B | 76 | Propranolol 180 or 240 mg/day started 5-21 days after myocardial infarction | Reduction in long-term all-cause mortality |
| B | 76 | Epinephrine 1 mg during standard resuscitation for adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Increased 30-day survival |
| B | 76 | Acute-heart-failure mortality-risk stratification plus 30-day rapid specialist transitional care | Reduced all-cause death or cardiovascular hospitalization after an emergency visit |
| B | 76 | Twenty-four-hour structured home remote patient management for selected patients with heart failure | Reduced days lost to unplanned cardiovascular hospitalization or all-cause death |
| B | 76 | A bypass-first strategy using adequate single-segment great saphenous vein in chronic limb-threatening ischemia | Reduction in major adverse limb events or death versus an endovascular-first strategy |
| B | 76 | Restrictive perioperative red-cell transfusion threshold | Reduced red-cell use while keeping major clinical events within an acceptable margin in moderate- to high-risk cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass |
| B | 76 | Aspirin 81 mg twice daily for thromboprophylaxis after fracture | Noninferior 90-day mortality compared with low-molecular-weight heparin |
| B | 74 | Potassium | Blood pressure |
| B | 74 | Rosuvastatin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; Crestor; prescription drug) | Primary prevention of a first major cardiovascular event in adults without high LDL cholesterol but with elevated hs-CRP |
| B | 74 | Public-access automated external defibrillator (AED, an automated emergency defibrillation device) | Increased survival to hospital discharge after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest |
| B | 73 | Low-dose colchicine (Colkin, prescription anti-inflammatory medicine) | Reduced recurrence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other major cardiovascular events in coronary disease |
| B | 73 | Finerenone (nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, oral prescription tablet) | Reduced composite risk of worsening heart failure and cardiovascular death in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction |
| B | 72 | Eplerenone (selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; prescription medicine) | Reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular-event hospitalization after acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure |
| B | 72 | Ticagrelor (reversible P2Y12 receptor inhibitor; prescription drug, Brilinta) | Reduced composite risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke and reduced all-cause mortality versus clopidogrel when combined with aspirin in acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 72 | Ramipril (prescription ACE inhibitor; Tritace) | Reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in adults at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 72 | Extended-release metoprolol succinate (metoprolol succinate CR/XL, selective beta-1 blocker, prescription medicine) | Reduction of all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in stable symptomatic HFrEF |
| B | 72 | Candesartan cilexetil (oral prescription angiotensin-receptor blocker; Atacand) | Reduced cardiovascular death and heart-failure hospitalization in ACE-inhibitor-intolerant heart failure with reduced ejection fraction |
| B | 72 | Hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate (fixed-dose combination, BiDil, prescription medicine) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in Black patients with severe HFrEF receiving standard therapy |
| B | 72 | Pitavastatin, a prescription HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor statin | Prevention of major cardiovascular events in people with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy |
| B | 72 | Empagliflozin (prescription SGLT2 inhibitor; Jardiance) | Reduced cardiovascular events and mortality in type 2 diabetes with established cardiovascular disease |
| B | 72 | Acute aspirin 160 mg (antiplatelet drug used in prescription and emergency care) | Reduced early vascular mortality in acute myocardial infarction |
| B | 72 | Supervised walking exercise (structured exercise therapy under clinical supervision) | Improved intermittent claudication and walking ability in peripheral artery disease |
| B | 72 | Impella CP microaxial flow pump | Reduced 180-day all-cause mortality in STEMI-related cardiogenic shock |
| B | 72 | Seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine given shortly after myocardial infarction | Reduced cardiovascular events over one year |
| B | 72 | Smoking cessation | Reduction in all-cause mortality versus continued smoking |
| B | 72 | The absorbable TYRX minocycline-and-rifampin-eluting envelope added to standard antibiotic prophylaxis | Reduced major CIED infection within 12 months after higher-risk device procedures |
| B | 72 | FIRE physiology-guided complete revascularization after myocardial infarction in adults aged 75 years or older | Reduced death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization |
| B | 72 | Selective switch to oral antibiotics after an initial intravenous course | Reduced hospitalization and intravenous-treatment burden without an unacceptable increase in six-month major clinical events in stable left-sided infective endocarditis |
| B | 72 | PERC no-testing rule-out strategy | Noninferior exclusion of three-month missed thromboembolism in very-low-risk emergency patients |
| B | 72 | Everolimus-eluting stent PCI | Noninferior three-year death, stroke, or myocardial infarction versus CABG in left main coronary disease of low or intermediate anatomic complexity |
| B | 72 | Left atrial appendage closure with Watchman FLX | Noninferior death, stroke, or systemic embolism versus anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation ablation |
| B | 70 | Bempedoic acid (oral prescription ATP citrate lyase inhibitor; Nexletol) | Reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in statin-intolerant patients at high cardiovascular risk |
| B | 70 | Colchicine, an oral prescription anti-inflammatory drug | Prevention of additional recurrent pericarditis episodes |
| B | 70 | Occupational standing or walking for at least 75% of work time | Increased hospitalization for lower-limb varicose veins |
| B | 70 | Early tailored multidomain physical rehabilitation | Improved three-month physical function in older adults hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure |
| B | 70 | Intravenous alteplase selected by MRI DWI-FLAIR mismatch | Increased functional independence at 90 days after acute ischemic stroke of unknown onset |
| B | 70 | Mobile health-supported ABC integrated care pathway | Reduced composite thromboembolism, death, and rehospitalization in atrial fibrillation |
| B | 68 | Ezetimibe (cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, Ezetrol, prescription medicine) | Reduced recurrent cardiovascular events when added to a statin after acute coronary syndrome |
| B | 68 | Vericiguat (soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator; prescription drug, Verquvo) | Reduced risk of the composite of cardiovascular death or first heart-failure hospitalization when added to standard therapy in symptomatic chronic heart failure with a left ventricular ejection fraction below 45% after recent worsening |
| B | 68 | Acoramidis (Attruby, oral prescription TTR stabilizer) | Improved composite outcome of mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization, and functional decline in ATTR-CM |
| B | 68 | Endovascular thrombectomy for anterior-circulation large-vessel occlusion with an established large infarct | Improved 90-day disability distribution and function |
| B | 64 | Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, a prescription organic-nitrate vasodilator in sublingual form) | Rapid short-term relief within minutes of an acute angina attack caused by coronary artery disease |
| B | 63 | Digoxin (cardiac glycoside; prescription medicine) | Reduced hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with HFrEF and normal sinus rhythm |
| B | 62 | Red yeast rice (monacolin K, red yeast rice) | Cholesterol improvement |
| B | 60 | Lactotripeptides IPP and VPP | Blood-pressure reduction in mild hypertension |
| C | 59 | Baxdrostat (oral aldosterone synthase inhibitor) | Reduced systolic blood pressure in uncontrolled or resistant hypertension |
| C | 58 | Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa/roselle) | Blood pressure |
| C | 58 | Olive leaf extract | Improvement in blood pressure |
| C | 58 | Horse chestnut seed extract standardized to aescin | Relief of leg pain, edema, and heaviness in chronic venous insufficiency |
| C | 58 | Soy protein and isolated soy protein | Reduction in LDL cholesterol |
| C | 58 | Magnesium (essential mineral supplement; blood-pressure efficacy axis) | Reduced blood pressure in adults with hypertension or borderline hypertension |
| C | 58 | Telmisartan, a prescription angiotensin II receptor blocker | Prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in high-risk patients |
| C | 58 | Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet | Reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
| C | 57 | AB-LIFE probiotic blend | Improved LDL and total cholesterol |
| C | 56 | Butcher's broom root extract (Ruscus aculeatus) | Relief of leg edema, heaviness, and tension in chronic venous insufficiency |
| C | 56 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP, a positive-airway-pressure device used during sleep) | Reduced 24-hour blood pressure in resistant hypertension with obstructive sleep apnea |
| C | 56 | Habitual whole-natto intake | Lower cardiovascular mortality |
| C | 56 | Tofu at least once weekly | Lower incidence of coronary heart disease |
| C | 56 | Tuna, tuna salad or casserole, and other broiled or baked fish | Reduced incidence of heart failure in older adults |
| C | 56 | Isocaloric replacement of one serving/day of red meat with one serving/day of nuts, legumes, and soy | Reduced coronary heart disease incidence |
| C | 56 | Combined intake of instant ramen, wheat noodles, udon, jajangmyeon, jjamppong, naengmyeon, and buckwheat noodles | Increased incidence of hypertension |
| C | 56 | Frequency of fried-food intake | Increased heart-failure incidence |
| C | 56 | TOHP dietary sodium-reduction intervention | Reduced long-term cardiovascular events |
| C | 56 | Domestic water hardness of 121-180 mg/L as CaCO3 | Lower incidence of atrial fibrillation, heart failure, coronary heart disease, and stroke |
| C | 56 | Self-rated brisk or fast walking | Lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality than self-rated slow walking |
| C | 56 | Climbing roughly 6 to 20 flights of stairs per day | Lower first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events |
| C | 56 | Working at least 55 hours per week, mainly self-reported once at baseline, versus 35 to 40 hours | Increased incidence of first stroke |
| C | 56 | Habitual hot-water tub bathing | Lower incidence of cardiovascular disease |
| C | 56 | Oral-anticoagulant prescription coverage of 80% or less during the first 180 days | Increased ischemic stroke and systemic embolism in atrial fibrillation |
| C | 56 | Nurse-led hospital-to-home transitional-care bundles | Reduced heart-failure-specific readmission within six months after discharge |
| C | 56 | Calcium-only supplement | Increased myocardial-infarction risk |
| C | 56 | Long-haul air travel lasting at least 4 hours | Association with increased symptomatic venous thromboembolism within 8 weeks |
| C | 56 | Expectant management instead of early ibuprofen | Death, necrotizing enterocolitis, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely preterm PDA |
| C | 55 | Garlic (including allicin and aged garlic extract) | Blood pressure and cholesterol |
| C | 55 | Artichoke leaf extract | Cholesterol, digestion, and liver |
| C | 55 | Almond (Prunus dulcis) | Lower LDL cholesterol and reduced heart-disease risk |
| C | 55 | Inclisiran (PCSK9-synthesis-inhibiting siRNA, Leqvio, prescription) | Approximately 50% lower LDL-C leading to fewer myocardial infarctions and ischemic strokes |
| C | 55 | Mavacamten (cardiac myosin inhibitor, Camzyos, prescription drug) | Improved exercise capacity, dyspnea, and NYHA functional class in symptomatic obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
| C | 55 | Renal denervation (catheter-based ablation of sympathetic nerves around the renal arteries) | Blood-pressure reduction in hypertension uncontrolled by medication |
| C | 54 | Omega-3 (EPA/DHA) | cardiovascular and blood-flow improvement |
| C | 54 | Home blood-pressure self-monitoring linked to clinical care and telemonitoring | Improved blood-pressure control in treated hypertension |
| C | 54 | Sildenafil, a prescription phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor | Improved six-minute walk capacity and reduced clinical worsening in pulmonary arterial hypertension |
| C | 54 | Small purple potatoes microwaved with the skin | Lower blood pressure in overweight adults with hypertension |
| C | 54 | Whole-eggplant juice-dried powder | Reduction of office blood pressure |
| C | 54 | Three daily servings of whole wheat and oats | Reduced systolic blood pressure |
| C | 54 | Farmed trout, 250 g twice weekly as food | Improved blood lipids in people with hyperlipidemia |
| C | 54 | Circulating erythritol concentration | Higher circulating concentration and increased major cardiovascular events comprising death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or stroke |
| C | 54 | Very-low-sodium diet estimated as less than 3 g sodium per day | Increased death or major cardiovascular events |
| C | 54 | Self-reported habitual napping once or twice per week | Prevention of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction and stroke |
| C | 54 | Dog ownership recorded in Swedish national registers, observed for up to 12 years | Lower cardiovascular and all-cause mortality |
| C | 54 | High job demands combined with low job control by baseline questionnaire | Increased incidence of coronary heart disease |
| C | 54 | Residential road-traffic noise | Increased ischemic heart disease and stroke |
| C | 54 | Prehospital extremity tourniquet use | Reduced in-hospital mortality after civilian peripheral vascular trauma |
| C | 54 | Below-knee graduated compression stockings worn during long-haul flights | Reduction in asymptomatic deep-vein thrombosis detected by post-flight ultrasound |
| C | 54 | Home blood-pressure self-monitoring with prespecified medication self-titration | Reduced office systolic blood pressure in high-risk hypertension |
| C | 54 | Pharmacist prescribing and follow-up in community barbershops | Reduced systolic blood pressure in uncontrolled hypertension |
| C | 54 | Real-time video home cardiac rehabilitation | Noninferior improvement in 12-week six-minute walk function versus centre-based rehabilitation in stable chronic heart failure |
| C | 54 | Pelacarsen | Reduction in six-month lipoprotein(a) concentration in patients with cardiovascular disease and elevated Lp(a) |
| C | 52 | Pomegranate (pomegranate) | Antioxidant, vascular, blood pressure, and skin effects |
| C | 52 | Pantethine | Reduction in LDL cholesterol and triglycerides |
| C | 52 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol supplement) | Reduced all-cause mortality and heart-failure hospitalization in patients with chronic heart failure receiving standard therapy |
| C | 50 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone/ubiquinol) | antioxidant and blood-pressure improvement |
| C | 50 | Niacin (vitamin B3) | Cholesterol and lipids |
| C | 50 | Raw cucumber slices | Lower LDL cholesterol in mildly hyperlipidemic postmenopausal women |
| C | 50 | Two whole raw apples with skin, 340 g daily | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| C | 50 | Whole gochujang | Improved triglycerides and ApoB |
| C | 50 | Milled flaxseed, 30 g daily | Lower blood pressure in peripheral artery disease |
| C | 50 | Dark chocolate above 85% cocoa, a single 40-g serving | Improved maximal walking distance and time in peripheral artery disease |
| C | 50 | Hibiscus tea brewed from Hibiscus sabdariffa calyces | Improvement in LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and other blood lipids |
| C | 50 | One gram per day of whole air-dried ground coriander seed | Reduced fasting glucose and LDL in adults with type 2 diabetes |
| C | 50 | Red-meat and white-meat diets matched for saturated fat | LDL and apoB versus nonmeat protein, and red-versus-white meat differences |
| C | 50 | Replacing animal meat with processed plant-based meat alternatives | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| C | 50 | Low-AGE diet emphasizing boiling and steaming | Improvement in circulating AGEs and cardiovascular risk markers |
| C | 50 | Alcohol reduction from a baseline of about 62-64 g/day | Lower blood pressure |
| C | 50 | Felodipine extended-release 10 mg taken with about 200-250 mL grapefruit juice | A clinically important increase in felodipine exposure |
| C | 50 | Black tea, either 500 mL with 10% skim milk acutely or consumed with milk for four weeks | Loss of the tea-associated flow-mediated dilation response |
| C | 50 | A single meal of tomato sauce at 3.5 g/kg containing 5% refined olive oil | Six-hour changes in leukocyte adhesion molecules and circulating inflammatory markers |
| C | 50 | Coenzyme Q10 120 mg/day plus purified piperine 5 mg/day for twenty-one days | Higher absolute plasma coenzyme Q10 increase and concentration-time area |
| C | 50 | Olezarsen 80 mg, an APOC3-targeted antisense oligonucleotide | Reduced fasting triglycerides at six months in familial chylomicronemia syndrome |
| C | 50 | Artificial-intelligence ECG screening alert | Increased detection of previously undiagnosed low ejection fraction |
| C | 50 | Subcutaneous zilebesiran | Change in 24-hour mean ambulatory systolic blood pressure at month 3 in mild-to-moderate hypertension |
| C | 50 | Mipomersen 200 mg by weekly subcutaneous injection | Reduced LDL-C laboratory values in homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia |
| C | 49 | Black raspberry extract (Rubus occidentalis) | Blood-pressure control |
| C | 48 | Non-micronized single-ingredient diosmin | Relief of venous-insufficiency leg edema, pain, and heaviness |
| C | 47 | Arjuna bark (Terminalia arjuna extract capsules) | Improvement of angina symptoms, exercise tolerance, and cardiac function |
| C | 46 | Raw unsalted crushed cashews, 30 g daily | Lower systolic blood pressure in type 2 diabetes |
| C | 46 | Black-tea beverage, three cups daily | Lower 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults with normal to high-normal pressure |
| C | 46 | Cookies providing 5.88 g/day kombu powder boiled for 60 minutes to reduce iodine | Lower blood pressure in adults with overweight |
| C | 46 | Culinary sesame oil, 35 g daily | Lower blood pressure in hypertensive men versus the usual diet or existing olive-oil and corn-oil comparators |
| C | 46 | An isocaloric controlled diet containing conventional canola oil | Lower LDL when replacing an oil blend with a Western fatty-acid profile |
| C | 46 | Sitting or walking in a forest, usually a single exposure lasting no more than about two hours | Sustained control of hypertension |
| C | 45 | Sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis, omega-rich oil) | Cardiovascular disease prevention through improved LDL cholesterol and triglycerides |
| C | 44 | Bergamot polyphenolic fraction | Improvement in LDL and triglycerides |
| C | 44 | Fruitflow water-soluble tomato concentrate (branded ingredient) | Prevention of cardiovascular disease through inhibition of platelet aggregation |
| C | 43 | Aronia (aronia/chokeberry) | Antioxidant, blood pressure, and vascular effects |
| C | 43 | Lycopene | Cardiovascular, prostate |
| C | 43 | Lumbrokinase, a group of earthworm-derived enzymes | Thrombolysis and prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke |
| C | 43 | Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone or ubiquinol; a mitochondrial quinone antioxidant supplement) | Relief of statin-associated muscle symptoms and improved continuation of statin therapy |
| C | 40 | Celery seed extract (Apium graveolens seed extract, 3nB) | Blood pressure |
| C | 40 | Hesperidin | Improvement of blood pressure, endothelial function, and venous circulation |
| C | 40 | Alpha-cyclodextrin | Improvement of postprandial triglycerides, LDL, and body weight |
| D | 34 | Nattokinase (nattokinase, fibrinolytic enzyme derived from Bacillus subtilis natto) | Blood clots and blood circulation |
| D | 34 | Graduated elastic compression stockings (knee-length 30-to-40-mmHg medical device) | Prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome after a first proximal deep-vein thrombosis |
| D | 34 | Intensive lifestyle intervention (Look AHEAD-style calorie restriction, exercise, and behavioral counseling for weight loss) | Prevention of major cardiovascular events in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes |
| D | 34 | Implantable loop recorder screening with continuous electrocardiographic monitoring and anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation detection | Prevention of stroke or systemic arterial embolism in older adults at elevated stroke risk |
| D | 34 | Intra-aortic balloon pump, or IABP, for mechanical counterpulsation support | Reduced 30-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock undergoing early revascularization |
| D | 34 | Sacubitril/valsartan, the prescription angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor Entresto | Reduction in cardiovascular death, heart-failure hospitalization, or outpatient heart failure after acute myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | New initiation of statin therapy in maintenance hemodialysis, including rosuvastatin and atorvastatin | Reduction in cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke |
| D | 34 | Routine early percutaneous coronary intervention added to optimal medical therapy for stable coronary disease | Prevention of death and myocardial infarction in stable coronary artery disease |
| D | 34 | Whole eggs including yolk, up to about one per day in usual diets | Increased incidence of cardiovascular disease |
| D | 34 | Unsalted butter, 50 g daily | No worse effect on LDL than olive or coconut oil |
| D | 34 | Alcohol at roughly zero to two drinks per day | Prevention of coronary heart disease |
| D | 34 | Weekend catch-up sleep of more than 0 to under 1 hour, 1 to under 2 hours, or at least 2 hours above weekday sleep | Prevention of all-cause mortality and incident cardiovascular disease |
| D | 34 | Intensive nonsurgical periodontal therapy with follow-up in patients with cardiovascular disease and periodontitis | Prevention of recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | Taking the full daily dose of usual antihypertensive medication at bedtime | Reduced major cardiovascular events versus dosing on awakening |
| D | 34 | Liberal red-cell transfusion strategy | Reduction in 30-day death or recurrent myocardial infarction versus restrictive transfusion in acute MI with anemia |
| D | 34 | High-dose extended-release niacin added to statin therapy | Reduction in major cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | See title and evidence table for the studied intervention. | The stated clinical outcome in the title. |
| D | 34 | LUCAS automated mechanical chest compression for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest | Increased survival and survival with favorable neurologic outcome versus standard manual compression |
| D | 34 | Personalised cooler dialysate set 0.5 to 0.9 degrees C below predialysis body temperature | Reduction in cardiovascular death or hospitalization for myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, or heart failure |
| D | 34 | Extended-release metoprolol newly started immediately before non-cardiac surgery | Safe prevention of cardiovascular events |
| D | 34 | A post-myocardial-infarction prophylactic arrhythmia-suppression strategy using encainide/flecainide or pure d-sotalol | Prevention of sudden death by suppressing ventricular ectopy |
| D | 34 | Addition of a retrievable inferior vena cava filter to standard anticoagulation | Reduced three-month symptomatic pulmonary-embolism recurrence in anticoagulatable severe acute pulmonary embolism |
| D | 34 | Adding platelet transfusion after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage in patients taking antiplatelet therapy | Reduced death or dependence at three months |
| D | 34 | Perioperative aspirin, 200 mg before noncardiac surgery followed by 100 mg daily | Prevention of 30-day death or nonfatal myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | Emergency-department resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta added to standard care | Improved 90-day survival in trauma patients with life-threatening torso hemorrhage |
| D | 34 | Switching from hydrochlorothiazide to chlorthalidone | Reduced major nonfatal cardiovascular events or noncancer death |
| D | 34 | Forty intravenous edetate disodium-based chelation infusions | Reduced major cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and prior myocardial infarction |
| D | 34 | Upper-limb remote ischemic preconditioning using a blood-pressure cuff | Reduced death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other major events after cardiac surgery |
| D | 32 | Tocotrienols | Reduction in LDL cholesterol and cardiovascular protection |
| D | 30 | Virgin coconut oil (VCO, a saturated-fat food and supplement) | Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease |
| D | 30 | Thigh-length graduated compression stockings | Prevention of proximal deep-vein thrombosis in immobile patients with acute stroke |
| D | 30 | Whole spinach soup, 250 g/day of spinach | Lower blood pressure |
| D | 30 | 100% watermelon juice | Improved vascular function in healthy postmenopausal women |
| D | 30 | Habitual whole-cheese intake | Lower mortality and major cardiovascular events |
| D | 30 | A diet providing 300 g shrimp per day | Whether shrimp worsens blood lipids in normolipidemic adults |
| D | 30 | Perilla oil capsules, 3 g daily | Lower triglycerides in people with type 2 diabetes versus fish oil and flaxseed-oil plus fish-oil comparators |
| D | 30 | Refined grape-seed oil, 20 mL daily | Lower blood pressure versus refined olive oil or no added oil |
| D | 30 | Participant-selected caffeinated coffee | Reduced daily premature atrial contractions |
| D | 30 | Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) | Prevention of atrial-fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary-vein isolation |
| D | 30 | Switch from chronic transfusion and chelation to hydroxyurea and phlebotomy | Maintained secondary stroke prevention while reducing iron overload in children with sickle cell anemia |
| D | 29 | Hawthorn leaf and flower extract | Improvement in chronic-heart-failure symptoms, exercise capacity, and blood pressure |
| D | 28 | Policosanol (sugarcane-derived) | LDL cholesterol improvement |
| D | 28 | Guggul extract, guggulipid, or guggulsterone | Reduction of LDL cholesterol |
| D | 28 | Beverage containing 50 g freeze-dried whole-strawberry powder | Lower LDL cholesterol |
| D | 28 | Whole eggs including yolk, one or three per day | Little or no effect on blood LDL and HDL in adults with hyperlipidemia |
| D | 28 | A 3M 8210V N95 particulate respirator worn for 48 hours during polluted conditions | Lower blood pressure and improved heart-rate variability |
| D | 28 | Two household HEPA air purifiers operated for 30 days | Lower systolic blood pressure |
| D | 28 | Head-down Trendelenburg positioning in hypovolemia | Sustained improvement in cardiac output and tissue oxygen delivery |
| D | 24 | Serrapeptase (serratiopeptidase) | Breakdown of arterial plaque, blood clots, and circulating proteins |
| D | 24 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, fat-soluble vitamin supplement; cardiovascular efficacy axis) | Primary prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death in generally healthy middle-aged and older adults |
| D | 24 | Selenium (L-selenomethionine or selenium, an antioxidant trace-mineral supplement) | Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults |
| D | 20 | Routine normobaric oxygen (prophylactic oxygen for acute myocardial infarction without hypoxemia) | Reduced death and reinfarction in acute myocardial infarction without hypoxemia |
| F | 18 | Fenofibrate (fibrate, Lipidil, prescription) | Additional prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke, and other cardiovascular events in statin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes |
| F | 14 | Boiled unfiltered coffee, four to six cups/day | Does not raise LDL or total cholesterol |
| F | 12 | Low-dose aspirin (100 mg, nonprescription antiplatelet medicine) | Primary prevention of myocardial infarction and stroke in healthy older adults without cardiovascular disease |
| F | 12 | Empiric DOAC treatment after embolic stroke of undetermined source, including rivaroxaban and dabigatran | Reduction in recurrent stroke or systemic embolism after embolic stroke of undetermined source |
| F | 12 | Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents used to normalize hemoglobin | Reduced cardiovascular events in nondialysis chronic kidney disease |
| F | 10 | Beta-blockers, including metoprolol and bisoprolol (oral prescription tablets) | Prevention of death, reinfarction, and heart failure after myocardial infarction when left ventricular ejection fraction is at least 50% |
| F | 8 | Systemic menopausal hormone therapy (oral conjugated equine estrogen alone or with medroxyprogesterone acetate) | Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in healthy postmenopausal women |
| F | 3 | Marine omega-3 EPA and DHA (fish-oil supplements and some prescription products) | Prevention of incident atrial fibrillation and protection of heart rhythm |
| ? | score not listed | Geranylgeraniol (GG) | Prevention of statin-related CoQ10 depletion and muscle pain |