CATEGORY HUB
Immunity
Immunity verdicts ranked by evidence score. 241 verdicts in this category.
55 foods and supplements claimed to help immunity, ranked by evidence
Drugs and procedures removed — only what you swallow, ordered by how strong the evidence is.
Immunity Evidence Ranking
Within this category, verdicts with higher evidence scores appear first. Verdicts without a score stay lower in the same list.
| A | 94 | Dexamethasone (prescription corticosteroid) | Reduction of 28-day mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 requiring oxygen or mechanical ventilation |
| A | 92 | Long-acting injectable cabotegravir (cabotegravir LA, HIV integrase inhibitor, Apretude, prescription injection) | Reduced sexually acquired HIV-1 infection as pre-exposure prophylaxis in HIV-negative adults at high risk |
| A | 92 | Isoniazid (INH, an oral prescription antituberculosis drug) | Prevention of active tuberculosis in people with latent tuberculosis infection |
| A | 92 | Long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN, a pyrethroid-treated mosquito-barrier product) | Prevention of clinical malaria and all-cause mortality in children in malaria-endemic areas |
| A | 91 | Nine-valent human papillomavirus vaccine (9-valent HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of vaccine-type persistent HPV infection and high-grade cervical, vulvar, and vaginal precancer |
| A | 91 | Oral live attenuated rotavirus vaccines (RV1 Rotarix and RV5 RotaTeq, national immunization program) | Prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and hospitalization in infants |
| A | 91 | Lenacapavir (HIV-1 capsid inhibitor, the active ingredient in Sunlenca, prescription injection) | Prevention of sexually acquired HIV-1 infection with twice-yearly injectable PrEP |
| A | 90 | Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, a prescription HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis sold as Truvada | Prevention of HIV acquisition with adherent pre-exposure prophylaxis |
| A | 90 | Updated mRNA COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 family, professionally administered vaccine) | Prevention of COVID-19 hospitalization, severe disease, and death in high-risk people |
| A | 89 | Recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (HBsAg, national immunization vaccine) | Prevention of chronic hepatitis B infection and later cirrhosis and liver cancer after infant vaccination |
| A | 89 | Live attenuated varicella vaccine (SuduVax or VARIVAX, national immunization) | Prevention of varicella infection and moderate or severe varicella in children |
| A | 88 | Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR vaccine; live vaccine in the national immunization program) | Prevention of measles, mumps, and rubella infections in children |
| A | 88 | Tocilizumab, an intravenous interleukin-6 receptor-blocking antibody | Reduction in 28-day mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, hypoxia, and systemic inflammation |
| A | 86 | Seasonal inactivated influenza vaccine (national immunization program) | Prevention of symptomatic laboratory-confirmed influenza |
| A | 86 | Early infant peanut introduction (regular dietary peanut protein begun in infancy) | Prevention of peanut allergy in infants |
| A | 86 | As-needed inhaled budesonide-formoterol, 200 micrograms/6 micrograms per actuation | Prevention of exacerbations and severe exacerbations in mild asthma |
| A | 86 | Infant Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine | Prevention of invasive Hib disease in infants |
| A | 86 | Inactivated influenza vaccination during pregnancy | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed influenza in infants through six months |
| A | 83 | Bivalent killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine (including Euvichol, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of clinical cholera in residents of and travelers to cholera-affected areas |
| B | 79 | Nirsevimab (Beyfortus; prescription long-acting RSV monoclonal antibody) | Prevention of RSV hospitalization during an infant's first RSV season |
| B | 79 | Recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV, Shingrix, prescription) | Prevention of herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in adults aged 50 years or older |
| B | 79 | Arexvy RSV vaccine (prescription RSVPreF3 OA vaccine) | Prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract disease and severe disease in adults aged 60 years or older |
| B | 79 | Epinephrine (an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist; prescription emergency medicine and autoinjector) | Rapid first-line reversal of respiratory distress, hypotension, and airway edema in anaphylaxis |
| B | 79 | Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection) | Prevention of paralytic poliomyelitis in children |
| B | 78 | Mepolizumab (prescription anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody; Nucala) | Reduction of clinical exacerbations, hospitalization, and systemic-steroid use in severe eosinophilic asthma |
| B | 77 | High-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (HD-IIV; prescription vaccine, Efluelda) | Additional prevention of laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza versus standard-dose vaccine in adults aged 65 years or older |
| B | 76 | Four-component meningococcal group B vaccine (4CMenB, Bexsero; specialist recombinant-protein plus outer-membrane-vesicle vaccine) | Prevention of invasive meningococcal group B disease from two months of age |
| B | 76 | Budesonide (inhaled corticosteroid, Pulmicort, prescription medicine) | Prevention of severe exacerbations, emergency treatment, and hospitalization in early mild persistent asthma |
| B | 76 | Inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (national immunization vaccine) | Prevention of clinical Japanese encephalitis in children |
| B | 76 | Early antiretroviral therapy (early ART) | Prevention of sexual HIV-1 transmission from a person living with HIV to a partner |
| B | 76 | 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13, Prevnar 13) | Prevention of vaccine-type community-acquired pneumonia in adults aged 65 years or older |
| B | 76 | A short course of oral prednisone started at discharge after emergency treatment of acute asthma | Prevention of asthma relapse and additional care 7 to 21 days after discharge |
| B | 76 | A planned seven-day antibiotic strategy for bloodstream infection | Noninferiority to fourteen days for 90-day mortality |
| B | 76 | Awake prone positioning | Reduced intubation or death |
| B | 76 | Baricitinib 4 mg daily for up to 10 to 14 days | Reduced 28-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
| B | 76 | Dexamethasone 6 mg orally or intravenously once daily for up to 10 days | Reduced 28-day mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| B | 76 | Active preoperative or intraoperative warming to maintain normothermia | Reduced surgical-site infection |
| B | 76 | A six-month repeated decolonization regimen using 4% chlorhexidine bathing, 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash, and 2% nasal mupirocin | Reduced one-year clinical MRSA infection among carriers after discharge |
| B | 76 | One 0.5-mL intramuscular dose of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) | Reduced all-cause and pneumococcal pneumonia in nursing-home residents |
| B | 76 | A bundled nursing-home pneumonia pathway with oral antibiotics, portable radiography, oximetry, oxygen, subcutaneous fluids, and research-nurse monitoring | Reduced hospital admission for nursing-home residents with pneumonia or lower respiratory infection |
| B | 76 | A single 500-mg intravenous dose of azithromycin added to standard cesarean antibiotic prophylaxis | Fewer maternal postoperative infections within six weeks after nonelective cesarean delivery during labor or after membrane rupture |
| B | 76 | Add-on azithromycin 500 mg three times weekly for adults with uncontrolled asthma despite medium-to-high-dose inhaled corticosteroid and a long-acting bronchodilator | Reduced moderate and severe asthma exacerbations over 48 weeks |
| B | 76 | Combined hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone | Reduced 90-day mortality in adults with vasopressor-dependent septic shock |
| B | 76 | Reduced-dose oral glucocorticoid regimen with a faster taper for severe ANCA-associated vasculitis | Noninferior death or end-stage kidney disease with fewer serious infections than standard-dose glucocorticoids |
| B | 76 | Four-month standard antituberculosis treatment | Noninferior unfavorable outcomes versus six months in children with nonsevere drug-susceptible tuberculosis |
| B | 76 | Area-wide deployment of wMel Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti | Reduced symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue |
| B | 75 | Palivizumab (monoclonal antibody targeting the RSV F protein; prescription biologic, Synagis) | Prevention of RSV-associated hospitalization in high-risk infants, including those born preterm or with bronchopulmonary dysplasia |
| B | 75 | Azithromycin (macrolide antibiotic, prescription drug) | Reduced acute-exacerbation frequency and delayed first recurrence in patients with COPD at high risk of exacerbation |
| B | 74 | Clesrovimab 105 mg (single intramuscular dose of an anti-RSV monoclonal antibody) | Prevention of RSV-associated medically attended lower respiratory infection and RSV-associated hospitalization during an infant's first RSV season |
| B | 72 | Cetirizine (second-generation H1 antihistamine, Zyrtec, nonprescription and prescription medicine) | Relief of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and itching in seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis |
| B | 72 | Vi capsular polysaccharide typhoid vaccine (inactivated prescription vaccine) | Prevention of culture-confirmed typhoid fever in residents of and travelers to endemic areas |
| B | 72 | Household flocculant-disinfectant water-treatment sachet (a ferric-sulfate and calcium-hypochlorite consumable) | Prevention of infectious diarrhoea among people in settings with contaminated drinking water |
| B | 72 | Daily inpatient toothbrushing (a physical oral-hygiene and hospital infection-control intervention) | Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia, particularly in mechanically ventilated inpatients |
| B | 72 | Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for seven days, a prescription tetracycline antibiotic | Microbiologic cure of confirmed rectal Chlamydia trachomatis infection |
| B | 72 | Amoxicillin-clavulanate, a prescription penicillin combination antibiotic | Reduced short-term treatment failure in rigorously diagnosed acute otitis media among infants and toddlers |
| B | 72 | Facility-level breastfeeding promotion and support program | Reduced infant gastrointestinal infection through 12 months |
| B | 72 | Preoperative 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropyl alcohol | Reduction of 30-day surgical-site infection after clean-contaminated surgery |
| B | 72 | Electric clipping on the day of surgery | Reduced surgical-site infection versus razor shaving |
| B | 72 | Taurolidine 13.5 mg/mL plus heparin 1,000 U/mL catheter-lock solution | Prevention of catheter-related bloodstream infection in hemodialysis through a central venous catheter |
| B | 72 | High-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine for long-stay nursing-home residents aged 65 years or older | Reduction in six-month respiratory-related hospitalization versus standard-dose vaccine |
| B | 72 | One 200-mg doxycycline dose within 72 hours after removal of a high-risk Ixodes scapularis tick | Prevention of erythema migrans at the tick-bite site |
| B | 72 | Two doses of the live-attenuated tetravalent dengue vaccine TAK-003 on days 0 and 90 in children aged 4-16 in endemic regions | Reduced symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue over 12 months |
| B | 72 | Single-dose high-dose liposomal amphotericin B combination therapy | Noninferior 10-week all-cause mortality in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis |
| B | 72 | Ceftolozane-tazobactam | Noninferior 28-day mortality versus meropenem in ventilated nosocomial pneumonia |
| B | 70 | Valacyclovir (prescription guanosine antiviral prodrug; Valtrex) | Prevention of transmission to an uninfected partner through daily suppressive therapy by a person with symptomatic genital HSV-2 |
| B | 70 | Intranasal fluticasone propionate, a topical corticosteroid | Reduced congestion, rhinorrhea, and sneezing in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| B | 70 | Subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy (SCIT) | Reduction of symptoms and rescue-medication use in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| B | 70 | Endotracheal tubes with subglottic secretion drainage | Reduced ventilator-associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated adults |
| B | 70 | Universal nursing-home decolonization with chlorhexidine for routine bathing and periodic nasal 10% povidone-iodine | Reduced transfer to hospital because of infection |
| B | 70 | Rapid PCR screening followed by 2% intranasal mupirocin and 4% chlorhexidine soap for S. aureus nasal carriers on admission | Reduction of hospital-associated S. aureus infection through six weeks after discharge |
| B | 70 | Rituximab plus short-course prednisone | Increased complete remission off therapy at 24 months in newly diagnosed moderate-to-severe pemphigus |
| B | 68 | OM-85 bacterial lysate, marketed as Broncho-Vaxom | Prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children and high-risk groups |
| B | 68 | mRESVIA (mRNA-1345, RSV prefusion-F mRNA vaccine, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed RSV lower respiratory tract disease in adults aged 60 years or older |
| B | 68 | Doxycycline (prescription tetracycline antibiotic used preventively as doxy-PEP) | Prevention of gonorrhea, chlamydia, and syphilis by taking 200 mg after sex in MSM and transgender women with a bacterial STI history |
| B | 68 | Tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the palatine tonsils) | Reduction of sore-throat days in adults with recurrent acute tonsillitis |
| B | 68 | A 25-mm needle for infant intramuscular immunization | Reduced post-vaccination local reactions compared with a 16-mm needle |
| B | 64 | BCG vaccine (tuberculosis vaccine, professionally administered vaccine) | Reduced active tuberculosis after a first dose in previously unvaccinated children |
| B | 62 | Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir (Paxlovid, prescription antiviral) | Reduced hospitalization and death in high-risk nonhospitalized patients treated early for COVID-19 |
| B | 60 | Andrographis (Andrographis paniculata) | Reduction of common-cold symptoms and duration |
| C | 59 | Remdesivir (RNA-polymerase-inhibiting antiviral, Veklury, prescription) | Prevention of hospitalization and death in high-risk nonhospitalized patients with COVID-19 |
| C | 59 | Vitamin A (retinol or retinyl palmitate, fat-soluble vitamin, supplement and high-dose public-health preparation) | Reduced mortality among children aged 6–59 months where vitamin A deficiency is a public-health problem |
| C | 58 | 20-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV20, Prevnar 20, prescription vaccine) | Prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumonia caused by vaccine serotypes |
| C | 58 | Fexofenadine, a second-generation minimally sedating H1 antihistamine | Reduction of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and nasal itching in seasonal allergic rhinitis |
| C | 58 | Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody; prescription injection) | Increased food-protein dose tolerated without dose-limiting symptoms in multiple food allergy |
| C | 57 | Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (systemic glucocorticoid; prescription intravenous injection) | Reduced 28-day all-cause mortality in severe community-acquired pneumonia requiring intensive care |
| C | 56 | Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum/Reishi; beta-1,3/1,6-D-glucan and polysaccharides) | Immune function |
| C | 56 | Colostrum (mainly bovine colostrum) | immunity and gut |
| C | 56 | Yeast/mushroom beta-glucan | Immunity |
| C | 56 | Saline nasal irrigation, isotonic or hypertonic | Relief of rhinorrhea, sneezing, itching, and obstruction in allergic rhinitis |
| C | 56 | Childhood consumption of unpasteurized raw farm milk | Prevention of childhood asthma and allergic disease |
| C | 56 | Prenatal and childhood PM2.5 exposure assigned to birth and residential addresses | Higher incidence of childhood asthma |
| C | 56 | Persistent household gas-stove use | Increased new or persistent asthma in children and adolescents |
| C | 56 | Stepwise heated egg powder, 50 mg daily at six to nine months then 250 mg daily to 12 months, alongside aggressive eczema treatment | Prevention of egg allergy confirmed by oral food challenge at 12 months |
| C | 56 | Completing a prescribed three-day amoxicillin course for uncomplicated pediatric community-acquired pneumonia | Noninferior treatment failure or antibiotic retreatment versus completing seven days |
| C | 56 | House-dust-mite-impermeable encasings for mattress, duvet, and pillow | Reduced emergency-department attendance or admission for exacerbation in mite-sensitized children with asthma |
| C | 56 | Pacifier use | More acute and recurrent acute otitis media in young children |
| C | 56 | Supervised twice-daily soap handwashing campaign at school | Reduced laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated absence |
| C | 56 | The exact synbiotic combination of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum ATCC 202195 plus fructooligosaccharide | Reduced sepsis or death by 60 days in healthy, relatively mature rural newborns |
| C | 56 | Empirical beta-lactam monotherapy strategy | Noninferior 90-day mortality versus combination antibiotic strategies in adults hospitalized outside the ICU with community-acquired pneumonia |
| C | 56 | Seven-day intravenous antibiotics | Noninferiority to 14 days for 21-day relapse after clinical remission of culture-proven neonatal sepsis |
| C | 56 | UV-C terminal-room disinfection added to standard cleaning | Reduced first target-organism clinical-culture or test positivity in the next room occupant |
| C | 55 | Zinc | immunity and common cold |
| C | 55 | Lactoferrin | Immune function, iron, and gut health |
| C | 54 | Red ginseng (ginsenosides) | immune enhancement |
| C | 54 | Dupilumab, a prescription interleukin-4 receptor alpha monoclonal antibody injection | Improved congestion, nasal polyps, and disease-specific quality of life in severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps |
| C | 54 | High-dose one-day oral valacyclovir started at the first symptom, 2 g twice in one day | Shorter lesion and symptom duration in recurrent herpes labialis |
| C | 54 | One-percent povidone-iodine irrigation for a simple acute laceration | Reduced wound infection after repair |
| C | 54 | Suppressive acyclovir 400 mg twice daily for recurrent genital herpes | Prevention of clinical recurrences during treatment |
| C | 54 | Removable dentures worn during sleep | Increased incidence of serious pneumonia |
| C | 54 | Work clothing factory-treated with long-lasting permethrin | Reduced tick bites in outdoor workers |
| C | 54 | An environmental intervention replacing six high-touch ICU objects with copper-alloy surfaces | Reduced healthcare-associated infection |
| C | 54 | Subcutaneous lanadelumab | Prevention of attacks over 26 weeks in patients aged 12 years or older with type I or II hereditary angioedema |
| C | 54 | Horse-derived antithymocyte globulin (horse ATG) | Improved 6-month hematologic response versus rabbit ATG in severe aplastic anemia |
| C | 54 | Etranacogene dezaparvovec gene therapy | Reduced annualized bleeding rate versus prior prophylaxis in severe or moderately severe hemophilia B |
| C | 54 | Luspatercept | Reducing transfusion burden in transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia |
| C | 54 | Romiplostim | Reduced treatment failure and splenectomy in adults with immune thrombocytopenia who had not undergone splenectomy |
| C | 54 | Deferiprone | Noninferior chelation success versus deferasirox in pediatric transfusion-dependent hemoglobinopathy with iron overload |
| C | 54 | Belimumab, a prescription BLyS-inhibiting monoclonal antibody | Increased week-52 SRI disease-activity response in active systemic lupus erythematosus |
| C | 54 | Luspatercept | Transfusion independence with concurrent hemoglobin response in transfusion-dependent lower-risk MDS |
| C | 54 | Five-day high-frequency penicillin V | Clinical-cure noninferiority versus 10 days |
| C | 53 | Elderberry (elderberry, Sambucus nigra) | Colds, influenza, and immunity |
| C | 52 | Propolis | immunity/oral: general immune-function/cold-prevention claims and oral antibacterial/gum/plaque claims evaluated separately |
| C | 52 | Baloxavir marboxil (Xofluza, prescription antiviral medicine) | Prevention of household influenza transmission after a single dose taken by the infected person |
| C | 52 | Pidotimod (prescription immunomodulator) | Reduced number of recurrent respiratory infections |
| C | 50 | Fucoidan (sulfated polysaccharides from brown algae such as sea mustard and kelp) | immune and anticancer claims |
| C | 50 | EpiCor dried yeast fermentate | Reduction of cold and flu-like symptoms and immune support |
| C | 50 | Large-volume low-pressure isotonic saline nasal irrigation | Improved chronic nasal and sinus symptoms and disease-specific quality of life |
| C | 50 | Cetirizine, a second-generation H1 antihistamine, at the standard 10-mg dose | Suppression of wheals and itch in chronic spontaneous urticaria |
| C | 50 | Bronchial thermoplasty, a radiofrequency bronchoscopic procedure | Improvement of quality of life and exacerbations in severe persistent asthma |
| C | 50 | Ciprofloxacin 500 mg swallowed with 300 mL milk or yogurt alone | Reduced ciprofloxacin absorption |
| C | 50 | Installation of nonpolluting heaters in homes of children with asthma | Reduced asthma symptoms |
| C | 50 | Peanut oral immunotherapy, including standardized peanut-allergen powder | Increased tolerated peanut-protein threshold during an oral food challenge while on treatment |
| C | 50 | Saline nasal irrigation in children | Relief of cold-related nasal obstruction and fewer subsequent upper-respiratory recurrences |
| C | 50 | Standardized grass-pollen sublingual immunotherapy tablets | Reduced in-season allergic rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms and rescue-medication use |
| C | 50 | Tepid sponging alone, without antipyretic medication, for childhood fever | Lower two-hour defervescence than acetaminophen and possible discomfort or shivering |
| C | 50 | Three-day preoperative 5% benzoyl peroxide shoulder wash | Reduced shoulder Cutibacterium acnes skin burden versus 4% chlorhexidine |
| C | 50 | A ClearGuard HD chlorhexidine-coated intraluminal barrier cap replaced at every hemodialysis session | Reduced positive blood-culture rate versus Tego connector plus Curos disinfecting cap |
| C | 50 | The SB-TEAM program combining school-based telemedicine with directly observed controller therapy | More symptom-free days and fewer emergency visits or admissions in children with persistent asthma |
| C | 50 | Three preappointment influenza-vaccine texts saying a dose was reserved | Increased same-day influenza vaccination versus usual care without a study text |
| C | 50 | Weekly subcutaneous tocilizumab with a 26-week prednisone taper | Glucocorticoid-free sustained remission at week 52 in giant-cell arteritis |
| C | 50 | Apremilast 30 mg twice daily | Reduced oral-ulcer burden in Behcet syndrome without major-organ involvement |
| C | 50 | Intravenous immune globulin at 2 g/kg every four weeks | Clinical improvement including strength and function in active adult dermatomyositis |
| C | 50 | Fostamatinib, a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor | Increased stable platelet response in persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia |
| C | 50 | Plinabulin compared directly with pegfilgrastim | Noninferior duration of severe neutropenia during cycle 1 of docetaxel |
| C | 50 | Otovent nasal balloon autoinflation | Tympanometric resolution of otitis media with effusion in children |
| C | 50 | Inhaled indacaterol-glycopyrronium LABA/LAMA combination | Fewer exacerbations than salmeterol-fluticasone in COPD with a prior exacerbation |
| C | 49 | AHCC (active hexose correlated compound; shiitake mycelial extract) | Immunity |
| C | 48 | Quercetin | Allergy, antioxidant, and immune effects |
| C | 48 | Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) | Improvement of acute common-cold and bronchitis symptoms and recovery time |
| C | 48 | Oseltamivir (Tamiflu, prescription antiviral) | Shortening influenza symptoms leads to fewer hospitalizations and severe complications |
| C | 48 | Acupuncture (a nonpharmacologic needling procedure at selected points) | Improvement of seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms, quality of life, and antihistamine use |
| C | 47 | Weissella cibaria JW15 | Enhanced immune function and defense against infection |
| C | 46 | Selenium | Antioxidant and immune function |
| C | 46 | Enzymatically modified arabinoxylan rice bran (MGN-3, BioBran) | Natural killer cell activation and immune support during cancer treatment |
| C | 46 | Four gold kiwifruits daily equivalent: two fresh and two freeze-dried | Shorter duration of cold symptoms |
| C | 46 | Camphor, menthol, and eucalyptus vapor rub | Relief of nocturnal cold symptoms in children |
| C | 46 | Flurbiprofen 8.75 mg medicated lozenge or troche | Relief of acute sore-throat pain and difficulty swallowing |
| C | 46 | 12 SQ-HDM house-dust-mite sublingual immunotherapy tablet, the ACARIZAX/ODACTRA product family | Reduced combined allergic-rhinitis symptoms and rescue-medication use |
| C | 46 | Pulling back the syringe plunger to aspirate before intramuscular vaccination | Prevention of intravascular injection with greater safety and less pain |
| C | 46 | Dual-strain Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 and ATCC PTA 5289 lozenges | Additional reduction of residual periodontal-pocket depth after nonsurgical periodontal therapy |
| C | 45 | Larch arabinogalactan | Reduction of colds and upper respiratory infections and immune enhancement |
| C | 45 | Montelukast (prescription 4-, 5-, and 10-mg oral tablets or chewables) | Improved allergic-rhinitis and asthma symptoms in children and adults |
| C | 43 | Heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L-137, marketed as Immuno-LP20, a non-viable postbiotic | Reduced incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections |
| C | 43 | Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir (Paxlovid, five-day oral prescription tablets) | Increased early sustained recovery in vaccinated high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 |
| C | 42 | Spirulina and chlorella | Detoxification and immunity |
| C | 42 | Chaga mushroom (Chaga, Inonotus obliquus/Fuscoporia obliqua) | Immune-function enhancement and anticancer/cancer-prevention or adjunct claims |
| C | 42 | Astragalus membranaceus extract | Immune enhancement and infection prevention |
| C | 42 | L-lysine | Prevention of recurrent herpes labialis and acceleration of lesion healing |
| C | 42 | Spirulina 2 g (Spirulina or Arthrospira platensis oral supplement) | Relief of rhinorrhea, congestion, sneezing, and nasal itching in allergic rhinitis |
| C | 41 | Shiitake mushroom (lentinan, Lentinula edodes/lentinan) | Immunity, anticancer |
| C | 41 | Thymosin alpha 1 (immunomodulatory peptide; prescription injection) | Improved survival and disease-free survival as an adjunct to cancer treatment |
| C | 40 | HemoHIM herbal extract containing Angelica, Cnidium, and Paeonia | Enhancement of immune function and defense against infection in healthy adults |
| C | 40 | PLAG (1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol) | Enhanced immune function in healthy adults |
| D | 38 | Echinacea (echinacea) | Cold prevention and treatment |
| D | 35 | High-dose zinc gluconate oral supplement | Shortened symptom duration in early COVID-19 |
| D | 35 | HEPA air purifier (household environmental intervention) | Relief of house-dust-mite allergic rhinitis symptoms |
| D | 34 | Vitamin D | immunity and prevention of acute respiratory infections |
| D | 34 | Mistletoe (Viscum album) | Immunity, blood pressure, and anticancer effects (adjunctive therapy) |
| D | 34 | Single-dose oral dexamethasone, a prescription corticosteroid | Complete resolution of acute sore throat within 24 hours without antibiotics |
| D | 34 | Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist | Shortened symptoms and duration of adult postinfectious cough |
| D | 34 | Incentive spirometry, a self-administered postoperative deep-inspiration device | Prevention of postoperative hypoxemia, atelectasis, pneumonia, and other pulmonary complications |
| D | 34 | Provision and use of alcohol hand sanitizer added to school hand-hygiene education | Prevention of respiratory-illness absence in children |
| D | 34 | Four-component meningococcal serogroup B vaccine, 4CMenB or Bexsero | Prevention of laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea in high-risk men |
| D | 34 | N95 respirators versus medical masks | Prevention of influenza among healthcare personnel |
| D | 34 | Triclosan-coated surgical sutures | Reduction of surgical-site infection versus otherwise equivalent uncoated sutures |
| D | 34 | Picaridin lotion added to long-lasting insecticidal nets | Reduced PCR-confirmed malaria infection among residents of an endemic area |
| D | 34 | Oral prednisolone | Hearing recovery in children with persistent otitis media with effusion |
| D | 34 | Inhaled fluticasone furoate-vilanterol ICS/LABA combination | Improved overall survival in moderate COPD with heightened cardiovascular risk |
| D | 31 | Boswellia serrata (an oral frankincense extract supplement containing boswellic acids) | Reduced asthma attacks, dyspnea, and wheeze with improved lung function |
| D | 30 | High-dose vitamin C (megadose; ascorbic acid, oral/IV separated) | cold prevention and anticancer claims (cold occurrence prevention, cold treatment/duration shortening, cancer prevention, cancer treatment/adjuvant therapy separated by efficacy) |
| D | 30 | Nirmatrelvir plus ritonavir, or Paxlovid, as 5-day or 10-day oral regimens | Postexposure prevention of symptomatic infection in test-negative adults living with a person who has COVID-19. |
| D | 30 | Daily cold shower finish (30, 60, or 90 seconds after a warm shower) | Prevention of cold or influenza symptom days and infections |
| D | 30 | Whole sauerkraut | Reduction in systemic inflammation |
| D | 30 | Prophylactic acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or another antipyretic during fever | Prevention of febrile-seizure recurrence during later febrile illnesses |
| D | 30 | Nectar- or honey-thick liquids taken in a neutral head position | Reduction of three-month pneumonia compared with chin-down posture while drinking thin liquids |
| D | 30 | Duct-tape occlusion with weekly soaking and debridement | Complete clearance of common nongenital warts on hands, feet, or other sites |
| D | 30 | Portable classroom HEPA air cleaners for students with asthma | Reduced asthma symptom-days versus sham units |
| D | 30 | Acetaminophen plus diphenhydramine given 30 minutes before transfusion | Prevention of febrile nonhemolytic or minor allergic transfusion reactions in patients largely without prior reactions |
| D | 30 | Preoperative whole-body bathing or showering with 4% chlorhexidine | Prevention of surgical-site infection |
| D | 30 | Plain non-antimicrobial plastic adhesive incise drape | Prevention of surgical-site infection |
| D | 30 | House-dust-mite-allergen-impermeable mattress, pillow, and duvet covers | Improved lung function and inhaled-steroid withdrawal in adults with asthma |
| D | 30 | Four rituximab infusions | Reduced treatment failure in steroid-unresponsive adult ITP |
| D | 30 | Add-on oral roflumilast 500 mcg, a PDE4 inhibitor | Reduced moderate or severe exacerbations in severe COPD on maximal inhaled therapy |
| D | 29 | Molnupiravir (Lagevrio, prescription oral antiviral capsules) | Prevention of hospitalization and death in vaccinated high-risk outpatients with COVID-19 |
| D | 28 | Transfer factor derived from colostrum and egg yolk | Transfer of immune memory and prevention of colds |
| D | 28 | Streptococcus salivarius K12, BLIS K12 | Prevention of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis and sore throat |
| D | 28 | Turkey tail mushroom (Trametes versicolor, Coriolus, fruiting-body capsules) | General immune enhancement and prevention of cancer or support of cancer treatment |
| D | 28 | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, nonprescription medicine or supplement) | Prevention of severe asthma exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids in children and adults |
| D | 28 | Heated humidified air inhalation (rhinothermy delivered by nasal high flow) | Reduction in common-cold symptoms and duration |
| D | 28 | Ivermectin (prescription macrocyclic-lactone antiparasitic; off-label for COVID-19) | Prevention of severe progression or hospitalization in early COVID-19 |
| D | 28 | Tympanostomy tubes (pediatric otolaryngologic surgery) | Prevention of recurrent acute otitis media in children |
| D | 28 | Commercial genetically modified foods and their introduced proteins | More clinical allergic symptoms or disease than conventional foods |
| D | 28 | Increased intake of seed oils rich in linoleic acid | Increased blood inflammatory markers |
| D | 28 | Simultaneous acetaminophen plus ibuprofen for childhood fever | Reduced fever-related discomfort at 48 hours versus either single drug |
| D | 28 | Wearing two pairs of surgical gloves during surgery | Reduced inner-glove perforation and visible skin contamination |
| D | 28 | Five additional days of beta-lactam therapy after hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia has reached clinical stability | Clinically important added treatment success at day 10 or day 15 |
| D | 28 | Hydroxychloroquine | Improvement in dryness, fatigue, and pain in primary Sjogren syndrome |
| D | 25 | Azithromycin (prescription macrolide antibiotic) | Reduced hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death in patients with COVID-19 |
| D | 25 | Oral prednisolone (prescription systemic glucocorticoid) | Reducing cough duration and symptom severity in adults without asthma who have acute lower respiratory tract infection |
| D | 24 | Mite-impermeable bedding covers for mattresses, pillows, and duvets (household environmental intervention) | Relief of house-dust-mite allergic rhinitis symptoms |
| D | 22 | Oscillococcinum, Anas barbariae hepatis et cordis extractum 200C | Prevention of influenza-like illness and shortening of symptom duration |
| F | 10 | Lopinavir-ritonavir, a prescription HIV protease-inhibitor combination marketed as Kaletra | Reduced death and clinical progression in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| F | 10 | Intravenous hydroxyethyl starch, an HES synthetic colloid fluid | Improved mortality and kidney outcomes during fluid resuscitation in severe sepsis |
| F | 9 | BCG tuberculosis vaccine revaccination (intradermal BCG-Denmark) | Prevention of symptomatic and severe COVID-19 in adults through nonspecific trained immunity |
| F | 8 | Amoxicillin (prescription penicillin antibiotic) | Shorter cough and recovery in uncomplicated acute bronchitis when pneumonia is not suspected |
| F | 8 | Codeine (prescription opioid antitussive) | Reduced frequency and severity of cough from the common cold or acute upper respiratory infection |
| F | 8 | High-titer COVID-19 convalescent plasma | Reduced 28-day mortality in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 |
| F | 6 | Ivermectin (antiparasitic drug, Stromectol, prescription) | Reduced hospitalization, death, and recovery time in early COVID-19 |
| F | 5 | Colchicine (prescription anti-inflammatory drug; Colkin) | Reduced hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and 28-day mortality in COVID-19 |
| F | 4 | Hydroxychloroquine (antimalarial and immunomodulatory prescription drug) | Reduced mechanical ventilation and 28-day mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 |
| ? | score not listed | Oregano oil from Origanum vulgare, typically carvacrol-rich | Treatment of Candida infection or overgrowth |
| ? | score not listed | Oral bovine thymus glandular extract | T-cell activation, enhanced immunity, and infection prevention |
| ? | score not listed | Mullein leaf (Verbascum; herbal supplement or tea) | Lung cleansing, phlegm clearance, and improved bronchial and respiratory health |
| ? | score not listed | Agaricus blazei extract (Agaricus mushroom supplement) | Cancer prevention, reduced recurrence, and prolonged survival |
| ? | score not listed | Whole perilla or shiso leaves | Relief of seasonal allergic-rhinitis symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | Whole lotus root or lotus-root juice (Nelumbo nucifera rhizome) | Relief of cough and sputum in bronchitis |
| ? | score not listed | Yuja tea made by diluting sweetened yuja preserve in water | Shorter common-cold duration and milder symptoms |
| ? | score not listed | About one clove per day of raw or crushed fresh garlic | Prevention of common-cold occurrence |
| ? | score not listed | Indoor-air humidification in schools, workplaces, or homes | Prevention of upper respiratory tract infection incidence in humans |
| ? | score not listed | Inhaled or sprayed hinoki phytoncide, including cypress essential-oil and cypress-water products | Prevention of infections and infection-related hospitalization |
| ? | score not listed | An onion kept in a room | Common-cold prevention |